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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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HUDSON RIVER ROUTE. 

New York to Albany, Troy, 

SARATOGA SPRINGS, 
Lake George, Lake Champlain, Adirondack M't'ns, 

AND 





|( TAINTOR BROTHERS, 

678 Broadway, New York. 



Economy only second to Security. 




A LBANY, IT. 7. 

SPECIAL ADVANTAGES. 

Ten per cent, reduction from rates to practical 
Homoeopathists. 

Annual Division of Profits. 

Immediate Payment of Losses. 

All Policies Incontestable and Non- forfeitable. 

liberal Provisions to Travelers. 

AND BY SPECIAL ACT, 
The value of its Registered Policies is deposited 
with the State of New York. 



This Company offers liberal inducements to first-class Agents. It will 
always render them the most substantial tokens of appreciation, and af- 
ford them every encouragement in sustaining a successful and honorable 
competition. 

(Officers: 

ROBERT H. PRUYN, President. 
JAMES HENDRICK, Vice-President. 
LOUIS B. SMITH, Secretary. 



SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. 



All men think all men mortal but themselves. 




Mutual Life 




HARTFORD, CONN. 
% 

Assets, HotemHer 1, 1868, 

$3,500,000. 

The following are some of the advantages offered by this Company : 

Its Policies are the freest from restrictions as to travel, residence, and employ- 
mt it, of any company in the land. Its premiums are as low as those of any safe 
company. Its dividends have been uniformly 50 per cent, during last four years. 
Its dividends are always based on full premium paid. It charges no extra pre- 
mium on lives of females. It offers all the advantages of a Cash and Note Com- 
pany. It is prompt in settling all just claims. 

Tbdt the public appreciates these advantages, is manifest from the following 

TABLE OF COMPARISONS OF THE BUSINESS, 

F<* the year ending June 15, 1868, with the Business for the year preceding, of the PHOENIX MUTVAt 
LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. 

Number of Policies issued during year, . . .7,167 

Number of Policies issued during previous year, 4,331 

Increase, , 2,836 

Rate of increase, 65 per cent. 

Amount insured during year, $19,685,254 

. Amount insured during previous year, 10,792,749 

Increase, .^ .$8,892,51)5 

Rate of increase, 82 per cent. 

Income for the year, $1,445,211 50 

Income for the previous year, 914,882 60 

Increase, $530,328 90 

Rate of Increase, 58 per cent. 

Assets June 15, 1868, $2,992,840 11 

Assets June 15, 1867 1,746, 507 72 

Increase, $172467332 S9 

Rate of increase, 71 per cent. 

Received from Interest, 1868, $146,808 33 

Paid in Losses, in 1868, 114,140 34 

Showing that the Company received $32,667 99 

more from interest than it paid in losses. 

nrsuEB nr the "peenix mutual," of haetfobd, com. 

J. F. BURNS, E. FESSENDEN, 

Secretmry. President 

New York Agency, 153 Broadway. Boston Agency, 134 Washington St 

Albany " 448 Broadway. Philadelphia " 430 Walnut St 



Mutual Life Insurance Company 

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 

800 POLICIES ISSUED FIRST SIX MONTHS. 



Mates Lower than any other State or National Company. 

HOMQ EOPATHISTS LOW ER STILL. 

Why pay twice as much as is necessary to insure, merely to let th« 
company bank on your money and pay you back in dividends ? 

Dividends to a reasonable extent guaranteed in advance by deduction 
from premiums. 

All premiums, policies, and dividends in cash. 

LADIES, LOOK AT THIS! 

Females insured at same rates as males. All policies non-foiN 
feitable. All dividends non-forfeitable. 
Octll or- sozid for ZDocunicnts. 

DIRECTORS. 

D. D. T. MARSHALL, -157 East 31th Street. 
Hon. S. L. WOODFORD, Lieut.-Gov. State New York. 
JAMES CUSHING, Jr., of Leroy W. Fairchild & Co. 
FDWARD E. EAMES, of H. B. Claflin & Co. 
£LISHA BROOKS, of Brooks Brothers, 468 Broadway. 
Hon. R. B. CONNOLLY, Comptroller of N. Y. City. 
ROBERT SEWELL, of Sewell & Pierce, 62 Broadway. 
GEORGE G. LAKE, of Lake & McCreery, 471 Broadway. 
Hon. RICHARD KELLY, Pres't of 5th National Bank. 
JOHN SIMPKINS, 20 Wall Street. 
W. C. DUNTON, of Bulkley, Dunton & Co., 4 John St. 
PETER LANG, of Lang & Clarkson, 4 Front Street. 
W. B. KENDALL, of Bigelow "Carpet Co., 65 Duane St. 
H. W. WARNER, late Warner & Loop, 33i Fifth Ave. 
CHARLES L. STICKNEY, 209 Bowery. 
WILLIAM RADDE, Publisher, 550 Pearl Street. 
THOMAS B. ASTEN, 124 East 29th Street. 
G. B. HAMMOND, Tarrytown, N. Y. 

. D. D. T. MARSHALL, President. 

JAMES CUSHING, Je., Vice-Pres*t 
E. A. STANSBURY, Secretary. 
A. HALSEY PLUMMER. Ass't Secretary, 

STEWART L. WOODFORD, Counsel. 

EDWIN M. KELLOGG, M.D., ) Medical 

JOHN W. MITCHELL, M.D., ( Examiners. 
A. COOKE HULL, M.D., Medical Director. 

OEHSrEPJ.^.Xj AGENTS. 
RYNALL & CLEVELAND, 231 Broadway, New York and New Jersey. 
Dr. JOHN TURNER, 725 Tremont Street, Boston, for Maine and Massachusetts. 
CHARLES G. WIGHTMAN, Bristol, Conn. 
JOHN G. DREW, 221 Broad Street, Elizabeth, N. J. 
J. M. SABIN & CO. with I). RANSOM & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
S. H. STAFFORD, Marietta, Okio, for the States of Ohio and West Virginia. 
P. H. RATON, 343 F Street, Washington, D. C. 
ED. W. PHILLIP, 59 Second Strr.et, Baltimore, Md. 
JOHN W. M VRSHALL, Aurora, Illinois, for North-western States. 
JOHN W. SHEPHARD, St. Paul, Minn. 
JOHN V. HOG AN, 203 North Third Street, St. Louis. 



jiaotits and Solicitors wanted. j$3F Send for Circular. 



LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 

254 Broadway, New York, 

Assets, $2,000,000 (increasing rapidly). 10,000 Members. 

In every respect a sound, first-class institution. 

Just such as a prudent man would select as the depository of the funds 
designed for those he is to leave behind him. 

Policy Holders receive all the Profits- 
Dividends annual, on the contribution plan. 
This Company has declared and actually paid, a dividend to its Policy 

holders every year since its organization. 

No restriction in its Policies as to residence or travel in any part of ths 

world. 

One-third the premium may, if desired, remain as a permanent loan, 

to be paid by the dividends. 

No Policy or other fees charged, and no extra premium on Females. 

SEND FOR CIR.CXJLA.ii. 



WALTER S. GRIFFITH, GEO. C. MIPIET, 

President. Secretary. 

ISAAC H. FROTHING-HAM, WM. J. COFFIN, 

Treasurer. Actuary, 

GOOD AGENTS WANTED. 

ft^axter flak fife %xmmna feWprntg, 

HARTFORD, %aMft|i|f^^ CONN. 

ASSETS .^^^^^^^^^^' ANNUAL INCOME 

$5,250,000, ^^^^^^^^ $3,250,000, 

and rapidly &WiF "^^p^^^ and constantly 

Policies issued, nearly 40,000. Losses paid, $1,750,000. Dividends paid 
$ 1,500,000. Annual dividends paid, commencing with first renewal. 

J C. WALKLEY, Pres. Z. A. STORRS, Vice-Pres. 

S. H. WHITE, Sec'y 



Jl M. "WARD, General Agent, Albany, N. Y. 

N. S. PALMER, Gen'l Agent for N. Y. City, 183 Broadway. 



GREAT IMPROVEMENT AND REVOLUTION IN 

KEROSENE LIGHTS. 



New Houses furnished Complete, and Old-fashioned 
Lamps improved or superseded by 



«*t> Un PATENT P *' c *s 



The safest and most convenient Lamp ever used. 

CHANDELIERS, BRACKETS, 

Hanging and Table Lamps, of all kinds, 

can be lighted as quickly as G-as, filled and trimmed safely and 

neatly, all without removing the Shade, Globe or 

Chimney, or unscrewing the Burner. 

We have in Stock a complete assortment of Foreign and Domestic 

KEROSENE LAMPS & FIXTURES. 

Also, a choice selection of first-class 

G-as Chandeliers, 

Fitted with our improvements for oil, and specially adapted for suburban 
residences which have been or are to be piped for gas, but to which the 
mains have not yet reached, and oil is to be used temporarily ; or they can 
be used elsewhere as well. 

1STO OZSTE 3STEE3D BE IKT THE IXA-IRK I 

All Travellers should use the 




Very Light, Strong, AND Durable. Can be folded and carried in the 
pocket or travelling bag with safety and convenience, occupying the space of 
a cigar case, and are opened and closed as readily. They contain, whether 
open or closed, matches and extra candles, and, being always ready for use, 
ARE MOST APPRECIATED IN THE GREATEST EMERGENCIES. 

JULIUS EVES & CO., 

37 Barclay St., and 4:2 Parle Place, 

Removed from 49 Maiden Lane. 2TEW YORK. 



PHELPS, DODGE & CO., 

13 to 21 CLIFF STEEET, NEW YOKE, 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 



TIN PLATES, ROOFING PLATES, 

SHEET IKON, COPPEB, 

ZINC, WIRE, 

BEASS, LEAD, anb 

PIG TIN. 



[ALL, DEANE & CO., 

247 & 249 WATER STREET, 

hew irons. 



Hotel Ranges & Furniture 

A SPECIALTY. 



Liee Insurance Company, 

OIF" HARTFORD, OOnST^T. 



This old and reliable Company issued 

Over 15,000 Policies during the Tear 1867, 

*nd received over 

FIVE MILLION DOL LARS INCOME 

(Extract from the New York Independent.') 

"Among the substantial and enterprising institutions of Hartford, Conn., 
the ^Etna Life Insurance Company stands prominent." 

(Extract from the Insurance Monitor.) 

" No Life Insurance Company ever achieved so complete a success as this 
popular institution. Its prosperity is a together unprecedented in the annals 
of commercial enterprise in this country. 

The iEtna is a Company that can be thoroughly trusted. It is sound, 
prompt, and progressive." 

E. A. Bulkeley, Pres't. Austin Dunham, Vice-Pres't. 

T. O. Enders, Sec'y. 




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Insure Yourself Against 
ACCIDENTS OF TRAVEL 



BY TICKETS ISSUED BY THE 



Railway Passengers' Assurance Co. 

Pf Jtartford, Connecticut. 
J. G. BATTERSON, Pres't. H. T. SPERRY, Secretary 



THE 



Hudson River Route. 



NEW YORK TO ALBANY, 



SARATOGA SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, LAKE 
CHAMPLAIN, ADIRONDACK MOUN- 
TAINS AND MONTREAL. 



DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF CITIES, VILLAGES, STATIONS, 
SCENERY, AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST ALONG 
THE ROUTE. 

v_ K ■ 

ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. 




Entered acoording to Act of Congress, In the year 1869, by 

Taintor Brothers, 

En the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Xew York. 



TAINTOR BROTHERS 
678 Broadway, New Yorkt **» 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Adirondack M'ntains..ii5 

Albany 53 

Albany Junction 60 

Albany Rural 'Cemetery ... 59 

Andre and Arnold 22 

Athens. 50 

Ballston Spa 64 

Barnegat . 36 

Barrytown. 39 

Beekmantown ...118 

Benson Landing 107 

Brandon 92 

Brooksvilie 93 

Burlington. 109 

Caldwell 98 

Cambridge 83 

Capture of Stony Point. ... 28 

Carmansville 15 

Castleton, N. Y 51 

Castleton, Vt 81 

Catskill 41 

Catskill Mountains 42 

Caughnawaga 118 

Centre Rutland 92 

Charlotte 95 

Chazy 1 18 

Coeyman' s 51 

Cohoes 59 

Cold Spring 32 

Columbiaville 50 

Comstock's Landing 81 

Cornwall Landing ........ 33 

Coxsackie 50 

Croton Point 25 

Crown Point 108 

Dobbs' Ferry 19 

Dunham's Basin 80 



PAGE 

Eagle Bridge 83 

Essex 109 

Fairhaven 81 

Ferrisburg. 94 

Fishkill Landing 34 

Fort Ann 88 

Fort Clinton 30 

Fort Edward. 79 

Fort Lee 16 

Fort Montgomery 30 

Fort Ticonderoga 107 

Fort Washington. ........ 16 

Gansevoort. 79 

Germantown 40 

Glens Falls 98 

Granville 85 

Greenbush 52 

Green Island 63 

Hastings 18 

Haverstraw. 26 

Hemmingford 118 

High Rock Spring 72 

Hoboken 14 

Hudson 50 

Hudson River 5 

Hyde Park 37 

Hydeville 81 

Irvington 20 

Jersey City 14 

Johnson' s 119 

Lachine 119 

Lake Champlain 104 

Lake Champlain Route. 103 

Lake George 99 

Lake George Route. . . 97 

Lapigeoniere 119 

Larabee' s Point 108 



PAGE 

Low Point 35 

Manhattanville 15 

Marlborough 35 

Mechanicsville 63 

Middlebury 93 

Middle Granville 85 

M iddlet own H ealing Spr ' gs. 89 

Milton Ferry 36 

Montreal 119 

Montreal and Platts- 

burgh R. R 117 

Mooer's Junction 118 

Moreau 79 

New Baltimore 51 

Newburgh 34 

New Hamburg. 35 

New Haven 94 

New Paltz 37 

North Ferrisburg 94 

Nyack 25 

Orwell 107 

Pawlet 85 

Peekskill 29 

Piermont 19 

Pittsford 92 

Plattsburgh 1 12 

Poughkeepsie 36 

Poultney 87 

Port Henry 108 

Port Kent HI 

Province Line 1 18 

Rensselaer and Sara- 
toga R. R 57 

Rhinebeck 39 

Riverdale 17 

Rondout 38 

Round Lake Station 63 

Rupert 85 

Rutland 82 



PAGE 

Rutland R. R 91 

Rutland and Washing- 
ton Div. R. & S. R. R. 83 

St. Isidore 119 

St. Remi 119 

Salem 84 

Salisbury 93 

Sandy Hill 98 

Saratoga Springs 67 

Saugerties 40 

Schenectady 65 

, Schodac 51 

# Sciota ij8 

Shelburne 95 

Shushan 84 

Sing Sing. 25 

Smith's Basin 80 

Spuyten Duyvil 16 

Staatsburg 37 

State Line. 118 

Stony Point 26 

Stuyvesant 51 

Sutherland Falls 92 

Tarrytown 20 

Teller's Point 25 

Tivoli 40 

Troy 61 

Vergennes 94 

Verplanck's Point 26 

Waterford . . 60 

Weehawken 14 

West Point 31 

Westport 109 

West Rupert 84 

West Rutland 82 

West Troy 59 

Whitehall 81 

Whiting 93 

Yonkers 1 1 



These Guides describe all Cities, Towns and Stations on the routes, 
giving items of interest to the traveller for business or pleasure, and 

HANDSOMELY COLORED AND VERT PERFECT MAPS, 

enabling the traveller at every part of his journey to mark his precise 
locality, and recognize the surrounding scenery. 

I. — "City of New Yoke" Guide. 

II. — "New York to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington." 
III. — "Hudson River" Guide. 
IV. — "Hudson River Railway" Guide. 
V. — " Erie Railway " Guide. 

VI. — "New York to Saratoga, Buffalo, and Niagara Falls." 
VII. — "New York Central Railway." 

VIII. — "Springfield Route." New York to Boston, via Springfield. 
IX. — " Shore Line Route " Guide. New York to Boston. 
X. — "Bristol Line" Guide. New York to Boston, via Bristol. 
XI. — " Stonington Line." New York to Boston, tu'a Stonington. 
XII. — "Norwich Line." New York to Boston and. White Mountains. 
XIII. — "New York to Montreal." Route via New London. 
XTV, — "New York to White Mountains, via Connecticut RrvER." 
XV. — " The Northern Route " Guide. Boston to White Mountains, 

Montreal, and Ogdensburg. 
XVI. — "Harlem Route" Guide. 

XVTL — "Allentown Line" Guide. New York to Harrisburgh. 
XVIII. — " Pennsylvania Coal Regions, via Morris and Essex R. R. 
XIX. — "Long Island," via Long Island Railroad. 
XX. — "The Sound Routes to Boston." 
Other Routes will soon be published. 



TAINTOR'S "CITY OF NEW YORK" 

Contains descriptions of, and directions for visiting the Public Buildings, Parks, 
Cemetries, Islands, and Public Institutions in and around New York City ; also 
contains lists of the principal Hotels, Places of Amusement, Libraries, Clubs, 
Societies, Dispensaries, Horse Railroads, Omnibus Routes, Hack Fares, Ferries, 
&c; also, 

A NEW STREET DIRECTORY, 
TRAVELLERS' DIRECTORY AND CHURCH DIRECTORY, 

AND A 

LARGE COLORED MAP 

OF 

NEW YORK, BROOKLYN, JERSEY CITY, HOBOKEN, &Q. 

Price, 25 cents. For Sale by Newsdealers and Booksellers. 
TAINTOR BROTHERS, Publishers, 678 Broadway N. T. 



LOOK AT THESE PRICES 



FOR 



GENUINE 

WALTHAM WATCHES. 



SILVER HUNTING WATCHES, ...... $18 

^ GOLD HUNTING WATCHES, 18 carat Cases, . . $80 
& GOLD HUNTING WATCHES, Ladies' Size, . . $70 



iJ 



Every Watch Warranted by Special Certificate from 
The American Watch Company . 



r-r-1 We will send them by Express, with bill to collect on delivery, 

to all parts of the country, with privilege to the purchaser to ex- 
^ amine the Watch before paying ; and any Watch that does not per- 
. , form well can be exchanged, or the money will be cheerfully 

refunded. 
P^ Every one is requested to send for our Descriptive Peioe List, 

which explains all the different kinds, gives weight and quality oi 
3h the case, with prices of each. 

Our assortment also comprises every variety of FINE JEWELRY, 

STERLING SILVER WARE, SILVER-PLATED WARE, and RICH 

FANCY GOODS. 



§ Goriiam Plated Ware 

^j. At the Manufacturers' Prices. 

a DIAMOND JEWELRY 

£ ON THE SMALL PROFIT PLAN. 

8 HOWARD & CO., 

Xo. 619 BROADWAY, NEW YORl±. 



Every one visiting New York is invited to call at our establi&haieisl 



The Hudson River. 



AMONG the thousand streams which drain the great At- 
lantic slope of North America, none is more attract- 
ive than the noble river at whose mouth stands the Empire City; 
of the Western World. The magnificent bay through which 
it enters the ocean, the broad and deep waters which afford 
safe and easy navigation for large vessels a h undred and 
fifty miles inland, and the rich and beautiful country through 
which it flows, combine to render the Hudson River the 
most interesting among the streams of America. 

The annually increasing army of tourists and pleasure- 
seekers which opens its campaign early every spring, and 
continues its march until late in the fall, sends every year 
a stronger corps of observation to the Hudson ; and: tourists 
find the great metropolis is the most agreeable and con- 
venient starting-point for their summer excursion. No- 
where can a traveling outfit be so advantageously procured ; 
and a few days' sojourn amidst the whirl of business and 
fashion, which reaches its height just before the annuaL 
hegira to mountains, lakes, and forests, is usually a pleasant 
episode for pleasure-seekers of both sexes. 

The European visiting America can have no better intro- 
duction to the Western Continent than that which, is afforded! 



HUDSON RIVER. 

by a voyage up the Hudson ; and travelers generally will 
find that the river forms naturally the first stage of any 
extended pleasure-tour through the Northern and Eastern 
States. 

SCENERY. 

No change can be more charming than that from the 
glaring walls and pavements of New York to the sparkling 
waves and green banks of the river. In a few seconds, the 
traveler is transported from the dusty streets, with their 
deafening roar of traffic, to the broad river swept by the 
fresh sea-breeze, and stretching before him as far as the eye 
.can reach, dotted with sails, sparkling in the sunlight, and 
(bordered by scenery which is unrivaled by that of any other 
;river on the Atlantic coast. , 

Scarcely has the traveler passed beyond the limits of the 
metropolis, when he is charmed by the green wooded hills 
-of Westchester County on the one hand, and awed by the 
frowning • precipices of the Palisades on the other. For 
•twenty miles this mighty dyke of basaltic trap-rock shuts 
off the western sky, then suddenly disappears, and the 
view opens upon the rolling hills of Rockland County and 
ithe blue outline of the distant Ramapo Mountains ; while on 
the east bank are thriving towns and elegant country-seats 
in almost continuous succession. Here, too, the river 
widens to the dimensions of a lake, which stretches its beau- 
tiful expanse nearly to the magnificent southern portal of 
the .Highlands ; there it suddenly contracts to a channel - 
half a mile in width, overhung by the scarred and rugged 
crags of the Donderberg and Anthonys Nose. For twenty 
miles above, the river winds amid the grand and rugged | 
mountains of " The Highlands" at whose northern limit 
another portal opens, through which the swift steamer car- 
ries us to. new scenes of beauty beyond. 



HUDSON RIVER. 7 

Above the Highlands the banks continue high, and in 
some places precipitous, opening now and then as if to 
afford glimpses of the charming country on either side, 
until some thirty miles more have passed before us like 
a beautiful panorama, when the banks become still less 
abrupt, and the lofty range of the Catskill Mountains comes 
in full view to the westward. Of these we speak more fully 
in another place. 

In short, the steamboat trip by daylight between New 
York and Albany is one which every traveler should make. 
The river is everywhere rich in historical, legendary, and 
poetical associations, while the unsurpassed scenery and the 
constant evidences of commercial activity combine to ren- 
der the trip one of ever-varying, never-ceasing interest. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The Hudson has its most remote sources among the 
highest peaks of the Adirondack Mountains, 4,000 feet 
above tide-water. Its numerous upper branches unite in 
the neighborhood of Fort Edward, 180 miles from the 
ocean, and thence follow a southerly course, broken by 
numerous falls and rapids, to Troy, where it meets tide- 
water. The remaining 150 miles are navigable by large 
steamers and coasting craft. Ships can ascend to Hudson. 
The principal tributaries are the Mohawk and Hoosick 
rivers, the former rising in the central part of New York, 
and the latter in southern Vermont, both joining the Hud- 
son near Troy, below which city the tributaries, though 
numerous, are small, none of them being navigable for more 
than two miles. 

The mountain-ranges through or near which the Hudson 
passes are part of the Appalachian system. The Highlands 
are a continuation of the Blue Ridge, which, after crossing 
Pennsylvania and New York, ends in the Green Mountains 



8 HUDSON RIVER. 

of Vermont and New Hampshire. The Catsbergs and 
Hilderbergs are continuations of the westward ranges of 
the Alleghanies. 

The mean rise and fall of the tide at New York is about 
five feet, and at Albany two and a half feet. 

GEOLOGY. 

The geology of the Hudson is of so complex a nature that 
it is difficult in a few words to give even its general char- 
acteristics. In the nomenclature of State surveys, it is part 
of the " New York system/' which corresponds to the Silu- 
rian and Devonian systems of European geologists. From 
the mouth of the river to the northern limit of the Highlands, 
the prevailing rocks are primary or igneous, such as granite 
and gneiss, containing no organic remains, but mixed, cov- 
ered, and interstratified with shales, limestone, marble, ser- 
pentine, and sandstone ; while the huge basaltic trap-dyke 
known as the Palisades rises like a wall along the river for 
twenty miles from its mouth, breaking up through the super- 
incumbent strata of rock and drift, and forming a marked 
feature in the geological map, as in the landscape. 

Above the Highlands the river flows through an extensive 
field of talco-argillaceous slate, which ranges from a gray 
color to almost black. In Dutchess County, veins of gold- 
bearing quartz are found injected into the cracks of this 
great slate system. Much of the drift of this region is 
formed of disintegrated slate. In Ulster County, water 
limestone is found in large quantities, and is very valuable 
for cement. Sandstone is found suitable for flagging. Fur- 
ther to the north the country is in ridges of sand or clay, 
mixed with slate in various stages of disintegration. 

AGRICULTURE, ETC. 

The river passes between the counties of Westchester 



HUDSON RIVER. 9 

Bergen (N.J.), Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, Ul- 
ster, Columbia, Greene, Rensselaer, and Albany. Of these, 
Rockland, Orange, and Dutchess counties may be mentioned 
as especially noted for the excellence of their dairy products. 
The two last-named of these counties are likewise famous 
breeding-places for trotting-horses. The celebrated Ham- 
bletonian stock is cultivated with great care, and some of 
the fastest trotters in the world have been raised and trained 
on the farms of this region. In the other counties hay and 
grain are cultivated to a considerable extent, and in some 
portions of them apples, pears, and other fruits are raised 
in large quantities. Albany and Rensselaer counties are 
especially favorable to the cultivation of fruits, particularly 
plums, which are raised in great variety and perfection. 
The difference in temperature above and below the High- 
lands is very remarkable — fruits and cereals often reaching 
perfection at Peekskill two weeks in advance of the same 
crops at Newburg, twenty miles north. This difference is 
caused in great part by the sea-breeze, which is checked by 
the abrupt southern slope of the Highlands, leaving the 
region above open only to the colder breezes from the 
north. 

COMMERCE. 

, The Hudson, during the season when it is not obstructed 
by ice, is the channel of extensive and increasing traffic. 
It is the natural outlet for lumber from the vast forests of 
the north. This lumber is floated down the main stream 
and its branches during the high water of early spring, and 
several millions of feet are every year brought to market in 
this manner. The Delaware and Hudson Canal brings vast 
quantities of coal from Pennsylvania, and keeps numerous 
barges constantly plying between its junction with the river 
at Rondout and the various cities reached by water from that 



IO HUDSON RIVER. 

point. The Erie Canal, connecting the Great Lakes with 
the ocean, through the Hudson River, affords means of 
transportation for Western produce and for the manufactured 
goods of the East. The immense "tows" of canal boats 
ascending and descending the river form an important and 
interesting feature of its commercial life. 

Quarries of various kinds of stone, valuable for building, 
paving, flagging, etc., are found at various points on and 
near the river; and in Ulster County water limestone, mak- 
ing the best cement, is found in inexhaustible quantities. 

Manufactories, founderies, machine-shops, ship-yards, and 
agricultural products unite to swell the numbers of every 
sort of vessel suitable for navigating these waters, and the 
fisheries afford employment and support to many men during 
the season for catching the different kinds of indigenous and 
migratory fish which inhabit the river and its tributaries. 

During the winter, many thousand tons of ice are cut and 
stored for domestic use and for exportation to other lands. 

HISTORY. 

It is difficult to fancy a greater change than that which 
lias taken place at the mouth and along the shores of the 
Hudson River within the past two and a half centuries. In 
September, 1609, when He?idrick Hudson and his sturdy 
crew sailed through the narrows, and anchored their yacht,- 
the Half-Moon, in New York Bay, the shores were covered 
with a magnificent forest, unbroken save by natural mead- 
ows, or by the villages of Indians. The beautiful bay 
and river, now one of the busiest scenes of commercial 
activity in the world, were without signs of human life, ex- 
cept the few canoes of the natives ; and Manhattan Island, 
with its dense population of a million souls, its splendid 
streets and buildings, and its proud commercial position as 
the Metropolis of the Western Continent, was a hilly, thickly 



HUDSON RIVER. II 

wooded island, inhabited by a fierce and warlike race of 
savages. 

Hendrick Hudson was sent out by the Dutch East India 
Company to search for a northwest passage to India, a prob- 
lem which has tempted explorers even to our own day ; and 
when he looked up the long line of the Palisades and noted 
the strong ebb and flow of the tidal currents at the mouth 
of the river, he thought his object gained. Accordingly he 
sailed up the river, viewing with wonder and delight the 
magnificent scenery, and observing the natural wealth of the 
country, until, on September 21, having reached the present 
site of Albany, he became convinced that he was following 
a river, and not a strait He was everywhere received with 
great friendliness by the Indians ; but when returning to the 
ocean, Hudson's mate shot an Indian for stealing, which 
caused an immediate collision, and several natives were 
killed. 

Hudson returned to Europe, and in consequence of his 
reports, trading vessels were soon sent out, and after a few 
years of traffic in furs, a settlement was made in 16 14, on the 
southern point of Manhattan Island. 

During the Revolutionary War, the Hudson was the scene 
of constant activity on the part of both armies. Washing- 
ton early perceived the strategic importance of the river and 
its dependencies, and used every means to retain posses- 
sion. The British, however, in 1776, wrested Manhattan 
Island from our then inexperienced troops, and retained it 
during the war. They were unable to effect a permanent 
lodgment above the island, although they made several suc- 
cessful raids up the river, once reaching as far as Kingston. 
Fortifications were erected at various commanding points 
along the river, whose sites are pointed out in the following 
pages. 



12 HUDSON RIVER. 



THE DAY LINE OF STEAMERS 

Plying between New York and Albany possesses attrac- 
tions and advantages which are seldom combined in one 
route of equal length. 

The whole distance between the Metropolis of the West- 
ern Hemisphere and the capital of the Empire State is 
most remarkable for the beauty of its scenery, and for the 
evidences of commercial prosperity which greet the eye on 
every hand. 

The boats of this line — namely, the well-known C. Vibbard 
and the Daniel Drew — are probably without exception the 
swiftest steamboats in the world. Built especially to meet 
the requirements of summer travelers on the Hudson River, 
these boats combine qualities of speed and comfort with fa- 
cilities for viewing the magnificent scenery through which 
they pass. 

To this end, while ample retiring-rooms are provided for 
ladies or invalids, the decks are unusually broad and open, 
so that an unobstructed view of the neighboring scenery may 
be obtained from almost any part of the boat. In order to 
meet the needs of persons who are unable to endure the 
strong breeze caused by the rapid motion of the boat, the 
forward saloons are provided with large windows, whence 
everything can be seen as well as from the more airy prom- 
enade decks. 

Spacious and well-ventilated dining-saloons enable the 
traveler to take his meals in comfort and luxury, unannoyed 
by the usual accompaniments which ordinarily mark the din- 
ing-room of a steamboat as a sleeping apartment. 

Travelers ascending the Hudson by rail, or at night, lose 
the extreme pleasure of this delightful trip. The cinders? 
smoke, noise, and fatigue of a railway journey 'need not be 



HUDSON RIVER. I 



O 



mentioned to the modern traveler ; while the partial views ob- 
tained of river and mountains from a night boat serve but to 
suggest the charms of nature which only a trip by daylight 
can fuly reveal. 

The two boats are essentially the same in size and equip- 
ments. The dimensions of the C. Vibbard are as follows : 

Length of keel 265 feet, 

Breadth of beam 34 " 

Depth of hold . . . , 9 ft. 8 in. 

Diameter of cylinder 62 inches. 

Length of stroke 12 feet. 

The highest speed ever attained by these boats was made 
by the Vibbard, which went from New York to Tarrytown, 
27 miles, in one hour. The same boat also has run from 
West Point to Newburg (10 miles) in 2o|- minutes. This 
speed was made on an extraordinary occasion, and it need 
not be expected that the powers of the boats will be so test- 
ed when loaded with passengers. The ordinary rate of speed 
is fully great enough to satisfy any reasonable traveler. 

The boats leave Pier 40, North River, at the foot of Des- 
brosses Street, New York, at 8.30 o'clock a.m., touching 15 
minutes later at 34th Street, and reaching Albany at 4 o'clock 
p.m., landing at the foot of the Canal Basin, whence they 
start on their return trips at 8.30 o'clock a.m., reaching New 
York at 4 o'clock p.m. To reach the foot of Desbrosses 
Street, New York, by horse-cars, take any of the up and down 
town lines, and request the conductor to let you off when 
he crosses the Grand Street cross-town line, which will land 
you at Pier 40, N. R. 

To reach the foot of 34th Street, N. R., take the 10th Av- 
enue line and get off at 34th Street, whence a short walk will 
take you to the wharf. Any cross-town line of cars will en- 
able you to reach the 10th Avenue without walking. 



14 



HUDSON RIVER, 



The Route of the Hudson River. 



JEESEY CITY AND HOBOKEN. 

As the steamer leaves her wharf 
and turns her head to the northward, 
the panorama of river and bay 
opens before us. To the westward is 
Jersey City, merging into Hoboken, 
the limit of the latter place being 
marked by the rocky promontory 
long known as Castle Hill, on which 
stands the mansion of the Stevens 
family. In the vicinity of Hoboken 
are many elegant residences of weal- 
thy New Yorkers, but the rapid in- 
crease of population is fast depriving 
them of the almost rural seclusion 
which they have until recently en- 
joyed, and the ornamental grounds 
which for a long time beautified the 
ridge back of the town are cut up 
into city lots. 

On the east side of the river is 
New York, with its apparently in- 
terminable line of wharves and 
rows of warehouses, stretching 
northward as far as the eye can 
reach, and ending in a forest of 
masts towards the south, beyond 
which are the gray walls of Castle 
William on Governor's Island, and 
Still further the waters of Nezv York 
Bay, the Narrows, and Staten Isl- 
and. The scene is always full of life 
and variety,and at certain times when 



wind and tide are favorable, the 
waters are alive with craft of all 
sizes, making for their various des- 
tinations all over the world, and 
seemingly in danger of constant col- 
lision. 

WEEHAWKEN. 

North Berge7i, Bergen Co., N. % 
Between Hoboken and Weehaw- 
ken are the Elysian Fields, former- 
ly a beautiful park, but now retain- 
ing few traces of the rural walks 
which once made it a favorite resort 
of New Yorkers. It continues to 
be visited by large numbers of pleas- 
ure-seekers, but the attractions af- 
forded by its noble trees and romantic 
grottoes have, vanished, to make 
room for beer-gardens and places of 
entertainment. The Indian name 
was Weehawk, but custom has add- 
ed the termination now invariably 
affixed. The scene of the duel be- 
tween Alexander Hamilton and 
Aaron Burr is in Weehawken. The 
spot was formerly marked by a 
monument, but some reckless per- 
son destroyed it, and now but few 
are able to point out the place. It 
is a short distance above the point 
where a steep bank approaches the 
shore of the river. The fatal quar- 
rel between these two prominent 



HUDSON RIVER. 



15 



men was a political one, and was 
marked by great malignity on the 
part of Burr, who took deadly aim, 
notwithstanding Hamilton's avowed 
purpose— which he carried out — of 
not returning his fire. Hamilton 
received a wound which proved fa- 
tal in a few days, and Burr was 
from that time almost ostracized, 
owing to the indignation of the pub- 
lic at what was esteemed a cold- 
blooded murder. 

MANHATTANVILLE 

Is a part of New York. The name 
is applied fo the neighborhood of 
I32d Street. The conspicuous 
building on high ground, a little 
south of Manhattanville, is the Lu- 
natic Asylum. It is surrounded by 
about forty acres of ornamental 
grounds, which are devoted to the 
use of the inmates of the Asylum. 
Nearer the river is the Claremont 
Hotel, where in former years lived 
Viscount Courtenay, afterwards 
Earl of Devon. foseph Bona- 
parte occupied the house during the 
first year of his exile in this coun- 
try. It is now a popular resort for 
frequenters of the Bloomingdale 
ro?d. 

CARMANSVILLE. 
At 1 5 2d Street is another suburb 
of New York, and, being further 
from the city, contains more of the 
elements of a rural district. The dis- 
tinguished naturalist Audubon lived 



here for many years, and is buried 
in Trinity Cemetery near-by. The 
large building surmounted by a 
dome a little above Carmansville is 
the New York Institution for the 
Deaf and Dumb. It stands on the 
southern slope of Washington 
Heights, commanding a wide view, 
and surrounded by spacious and 
cultivated grounds. The buildings 
are in the form of a quadrangle, and 
are capable of accommodating 450 
pupils. The institution is the old- 
est of its kind in the country, ex- 
cepting that at Hartford, Conn. 
It was incorporated April 15th, 
1817. 

FORT WASHINGTON. 

10 miles from New York. 

That portion of Manhattan Island 
known by the name of Washington 
Heights is the only part which re- 
tains to any great degree the natu- 
ral attractions which formerly ren^ 
dered the whole island so beautiful.- 
The grading and leveling of city 
engineers has not yet reached this 
charming region, although it is pen* 
etrated by streets in every direction, 
and contains elegant residences 
throughout its whole extent. The 
fortification after which this place is 
named was an extensive earthwork 
occupying the crown of Washington 
Heights, and commanding the river 
above and below, as well as the 
neighboring country. It formed the 



i6 



HUDSON RIVER. 



end and citadel of an irregular line 
of works extending along the north- 
ern part of the island. The point 
extending into the river under Wash- 
ington Heights is Jeffrey's Hook, 
and among its cedars are mounds 
which mark the site of a redoubt 
built at the same time with the 
neighboring fortifications. These 
works, with their garrison of 2, 700 
men, were captured by the British 
after a sharp resistance, on Nov. 
15, 1776. This was the second de- 
feat of the Americans in New York, 
and was a severe blow to the friends 
of the republic in this vicinity. 

FORT LEE. 

Hackensack, Bergen Co., N. y. 
10 miles from New York. 
The traveler is now opposite the 
lower end of the Palisades, which 
stretch in an unbroken wall of col- 
umnar trap-rock for 20 miles along 
the river. These rocks vary in 
height from 300 to 500 feet above 
the water, and are crowned by a 
heavy growth of timber. Houses 
are already beginning to be erected 
along the edge of this cliff, which 
commands a wide and beautiful 
view of the river and its shores, in- 
cluding Manhattan Island and the 
East River to Long Island Sound. 
Doubtless before many years a con- 
tinuous line of villas will crown the 
top of this remarkable ridge. Fort 
Lee stood on the summit of the 



ridge at its southern extremity. A 
little village now occupies its site. 
The remains of the fort are scarcely 
discernible, and cannot be seen at 
all from the river. This fort was 
occupied by the Americans until 
after the British had captured Fort 
Washington in 1776, when it also 
was abandoned, and the Americans 
retreated across the State of New 
Jersey. 

SPUYTEN DUYVIL. 

Yonkers, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
12 miles from New York. 

The cluster of houses on the up- 
per side of the creek whose mouth 
is here seen, is known as Spuyten 
Duyvil, but the name was orig- 
inally applied only to the creek 
itself, which connects Harlem River 
with the Hudson, thereby forming 
Manhattan Island. Through this 
estuary tide-water flows, the cur- 
rents meeting at or near Kings- 
bridge, about a mile from the Hud- 
son. 

The name Spuyten Duyvil is 
ascribed by the veracious Diedrich 
Knickerbocker (Washington Ir- 
ving), to Anthony Van Corlear, .the 
redoubtable Dutch trumpeter, who, 
being bound on an important mis- 
sion to the mainland, and finding 
himself unable to procure a boat, 
swore that " en spuyt den duyvil''* 
he would swim the creek. He 
plunged in, and when midway across 




THK PALtSADES. 



Prom " THE ttEARTH AND Home." By permission. 



HUDSON RIVER. 



17 



was observed to struggle violently, 
until no longer able to resist the 
Duyvil, who was doubtless tugging 
at his legs, he raised his trumpet to 
his lips, gave a vehement blast, and 
sunk forever to the bottom. 

However it obtained its name, 
the creek is an interesting locality. 
It formed the southern boundary of 
the famous neutral ground of rev- 
olutionary times, and all along its 
banks, and for thirty miles to the 
northward, the regular troops of 
both the American and British ar- 
mies were continually making pre- 
datory excursions ; while the ir- 
regular forces kept up a ceaseless 
guerilla warfare, which made the 
neutral ground unsafe alike to patri- 
ots and royalists. At Kingsbridge, 
redoubts were thrown up on both 
sides of the creek, and on December 
19, 1780, an encounter took place 
between the Americans and a large 
detachment of British and Hessians, 
which led to no decisive result. 
Another skirmish occurred here in 
1776, between a party of American 
stragglers and a Hessian guard, in 
which the former gained the advan- 
tage. 

Batteries were likewise erected 
at the confluence with the Hudson. 

Prior, however, to these events, 
Hendrick Hudson and the Manhat- 
tan Indians inaugurated the san- 
guinary history of the vicinity by 
a long-sustained fight just at the 



mouth of the creek, where Hudson 
anchored the Half -Moon in Octo- 
ber, 1609. The Indians tried to 
board the yacht from their canoes, 
but were repulsed. 

Opposite Spuyten Duyvil is a 
high point of the Palisades, whence, 
owing to its projecting somewhat 
into the river, a magnificent view 
may be obtained. A good road 
leads to this point from the pleasant 
village of Englewood, New Jersey. 
The stranger would not suspect the 
fact that half a mile beyond the 
rocky wall of the Palisades is the 
beautiful and fertile valley of the 
Hackensack, with its frequent vil- 
lages and cultivated fields. 

RIVEEDALE. 

Yonkers, Westchester Co., N". Y. 

14 miles from New York. 
This village is composed almost 
entirely of the country residences of 
gentlemen doing business in New 
York. About a mile and a half 
above Riverdale is Mt. St. Vincent, 
an extensive educational establish- 
ment, owned and controlled by the 
Roman Catholics. It is under the 
immediate management of the Sis- 
ters of Charity, who purchased the 
land, then known as Font Hill, from 
the celebrated tragedian, Edwin 
Forrest. The castellated structure 
of dark stone was built by Forrest 
as a private residence, and here he 
lived for several years after his mar- 
riage. This building is now part 



i8 



HUDSON RIVER. 



of the Mt. St. Vincent Academy, 
though, unfortunately, the two 
buildings are architecturally inhar- 
monious. 

YONKERS. 

Yonkers, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
17 miles from New York. 

Yonkers is a flourishing town at 
the mouth of the Neperah or Saw- 
Mill River. The former name was 
given by the Indians, and signifies 
"rapid-water village," aptly de- 
scribing the series of falls and rapids 
with which the stream joins the 
Hudson. The town is largely com- 
posed of the residences of city busi- 
ness men. Hendrick Hudson an- 
chored off Yonkers when ascending 
the. river in September, 1609, and 
was visited by large numbers of In- 
dians with whom he traded. In 
the evening the tide set strongly up 
.stream, which confirmed Hudson in 
the belief that he was in a passage 
between two oceans. 

The name Yonkers is derived 
from the Dutch Yonk-heer, signi- 
fying the heir of a family. 

The greater part of this region 
was purchased from the Van der 
Donck family, to whom it was ori- 
ginally granted by Frederick Phil- 
ipse. The old Philipse Maizor 
still exists, and is a most attractive 
object for those interested in relics 
of the olden time. The manor 
stands within the town of Yonkers. 



The older portion was built in 1682, 
and the more modern portion in 
1745. It is probably the finest 
specimen of an old-fashioned man- 
sion in the country. The interior 
decorations have been scrupulously 
preserved, and are very quaint and 
curious. In this old Hall was born 
Mary Philipse, the belle of her day 
and the early love of Washington. 
She chose to marry another, Roger 
Morris; but it is said that Wash- 
ington always cherished the memory 
of the beautiful heiress of Philipse 
Manor. 

HASTINGS. 

Greenburg; Westchester Co., N. Y. 
21 7 f dies from Neiu York. 

About midway between Yonkers 
and Hastings, on the opposite side 
of the river, is the highest point of 
the Palisades, nearly 500 feet above 
the river. Near this place the 
steamers Henry Clay and Isaac 
Newton were burned, respectively 
in 1852 and 186 1. Hastings is 
similar in its characteristics to 
Yonkers, and contains many beau- 
tiful country-seats. The country 
in its vicinity is diversified, and in-' 
tersected by excellent roads, which 
render the rides and drives in every 
direction most attractive. 

A British force, under Comwal- 
lis, crossed the river at this place 
in 1776, joined another force in 
capturing Fort Lee, and then pur- 



HUDSON RIVER. 



r 9 



sued the Americans to the Dela- 
ware River. 

DOBBS' FERRY. 

Greenlurg, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
22 miles from New York. 

A village of considerable size, 
containing villas and cottages of 
tasteful and elegant appearance. 
The village is named after a ferry 
which was kept in olden times be- 
tween this place and Piermont op- 
posite, by one Dobbs, a Swede. 
An attempt was made some years 
since to have this name changed to 
"Paulding" as being both more 
euphonious and appropriate. The 
proposition led to quite a contro- 
versy in the newspapers ; but pub- 
lic opinion decided, for the time at 
least, in favor of the old Swedish 
ferryman. The river here widens 
into Tap pan Bay, or as it was 
called by the Dutch, Tapaan Zee. 
This bay extends to Croton Point, 
having an average width of nearly 
four miles. 

Dobbs' Ferry is well known in 
Revolutionary annals. The British 
concentrated their forces here after 
their dearly bought victory at 
"White Plains, five miles east. This 
battle took place in October, 1776. 

In 1777 a division of the Ameri- 
can army, under General Lincoln, 
was encamped here for several 
months. The Commission sent by 
Sir Henry Clinton to intercede for 



the life of the unfortunate spy 
Major Andre, landed here and held 
a long but unsuccessful consultation 
with General Greene, the president 
of the court which condemned him 
to death. Greene met the Chief of 
the Commission by permission of 
General Washington, only in the 
character of a private gentleman; 
but although both friend and foe 
desired to save Andre's life, the con- 
ference proved unavailing. Dobbs' 
Ferry was the first place appointed 
for a meeting between Andre and 
Arnold. The plan, however, was 
not successfully carried out. 
PIERMONT. 

Orangetown, Rockland County, N. Y. 
24 miles from New York. 
A short distance below Piermont 
is the line between New York and 
New Jersey, near which the Pali- 
sades recede from the shore and 
lose their precipitous character. 
The ridge continues, however, in a 
series of hills reaching, in some 
places, a height of nearly 700 feet, 
but nowhere resuming the peculiar 
palisade formation. The long pier 
which projects intb the river from 
this place is the terminus of a 
branch of the Erie Railway, which 
connects with the main line at Suf- 
fern, 18 miles west. Two miles 
back of Piermont is Tappan, where, 
on October 2d, 1780, Major Andre 
was tried, condemned, and execut- 
ed. (See page .) 



20 



HUDSON RIVER. 



IRVINGTON, 

Greenburg, Westchester County, N. Y., 
24 miles from New York, 

Is a" village of comparatively re- 
cent growth, inhabited in great part 
by the families of gentlemen whose 
places of business are in New York. 
The village is named in hono/ of 
Washington Irving, the genial au- 
thor whose pen has done so much 
to preserve whatever is interesting 
in the traditionary history of the 
Hudson River. " Sunny 'side ," the 
home of Irving during the last 
years of his life, is a little north of 
the village, and glimpses of the 
picturesque house and grounds may 
be caught from the steamer as it 
passes. This house, with its quaint 
Dutch gables, includes the original 
building known to readers of Ir- 
ving's works as " Wolfert's Roost," 
where Ichabod Crane courted the 
lovely Katrina Van Tassel, as re- 
lated in the "Legend of Sleepy 
Hollow." Irving died November 
28th, 1859, and was buried in the 
cemetery near Tarrytown, in that 
very "Sleepy Hollow" which his 
graceful pen has made forever fa- 
mous. 

TAERYTOWN. 

Greenburg atid Mt. Pleasant, West- 
chester Co., N. Y. 
29 miles from New York. 

Tarrytown is delightfully situated 
on a hillside overlooking the river 



and the Palisades to the southward, 
and commanding a distant view of 
the Ramapo Mountains and the 
Hudson Highlands to the west and 
north. 

The whole town is thickly stud- 
ded with dwellings of every size and 
every style of beauty. Prominent 
among these is the white marble 
edifice known as Paulding Manor, 
which stands just below the town. 
It was built by descendants of Com- 
modore Paulding, and is one of the 
finest specimens of the Elizabethan 
style of architecture in this country. 
It has passed out of the possession 
of the Paulding family. 

A little above Tarrytown is the 
Pocantico, a small stream flowing 
through the valley, called by the 
Dutch Slaeperigh Haven, and 
translated into English as Sleepy 
Hollow. About half a mile from 
the mouth of this stream is an old 
Dutch church, which is a curiosity 
in its way. It is the oldest church 
edifice in the State of New York, 
having been built in 1699. Its walls 
contain bricks which were imported 
from Holland when the church was 
erected. The old bell still hangs in 
the belfry, on whose pointed roof 
an iron vane still turns, bearing the 
monogram of the founder of the 
church, Frederick Philipse, whose 
mansion, known as Philipse Castle, 
stands on the banks of the stream 
not far distant. This is the dwelling 



HUDSON RIVER. 



21 



whence the Philipse family moved 
when the mansion at Yonkers was 
built. 

To the eastward of the church is 
the valley of Sleepy Hollow, and 
the identical bridge, or at least its 
successor, over which the Headless 
Hessian pursued Ichabod Crane, 



as related by Irving in the " Legend 
of Sleepy Hollow." Between this 
bridge and Tarrytown the road 
crosses Andrtfs Brook, and near by 
stands a monument marking the 
spot where he was captured. A 
suitable inscription gives the leading 
facts connected with that, event. 



Andre and Arnold. 

The story of Arnold's treason and of Andre's capture and exe- 
cution is one of the most interesting in our history, and we will 
briefly recount the leading facts concerning it. 

Benedict Arnold was, at the time of his treason, a major-gene- 
ral in the American army, having won his position by distin- 
guished gallantry and zeal in the cause of the republic. It is 
not necessary here to trace the successive steps which led to his 
fall. Suffice it to say that certain acts of his while in command 
at Philadelphia led to his trial by court-martial. He was merely 
sentenced to be reprimanded, but the sentence, mild as it was, 
embittered him towards his country, and he soon began to take 
steps towards opening a correspondence with the enemy. He 
succeeded in getting himself assigned to the command of West 
Point and vicinity, and under the name of " Gustavus " began 
negotiations for the surrender of West Point with Sir Henry 
Clinton, then commanding the British forces which held New 
York. Finally arrangements were made for a meeting with 
Major yohn Andre, Adjutant-General of the British army. The 
first appointment was not kept, but a second was more successful. 
The British sloop of war Vulture was sent up to Teller's Point 
with Andre on board. Nothing occurred the first night ; but the 
second night Arnold sent a small-boat, in which Andre' was 
brought ashore. The boat landed on the west side of the river, 
at the mouth of Haverstraw Creek, just below Stony Point, and 
Arnold and Andre* consulted together until daylight. Their 
plans were incomplete when day broke, and Arnold persuaded 
his companion to go with him to a tory house near by. Horses 
were at hand, provided by Arnold, and they rode together 
through the dark woods. Presently they were challenged by a 



HUDSON RIVER. 23 

sentry, and then Andre* perceived that he was within the enemy's 
line — a spy. They went on, however, and entered the house. 
As soon as daylight was sufficiently clear, an American gun 
opened fire on the Vulture from Teller's Point, and the vessel 
weighed anchor and dropped down the river. Andre' was in 
uniform, but in order to provide against discovery he put on a 
plain coat. In the course of the day plans for the surrender 
of the garrisons about West Point were completed, and' Andre 
was anxious to regain the British lines. Being unable to 
get a boat to take him down to the Vulture, Andre was 
forced to take the land route. Accordingly he crossed King's 
Ferry from Stony to Verplanck's Point, passed through the 
American works at the latter, and, guided by a tory named 
Smith, and a negro servant, proceeded down the Tarrytown 
road. Arnold had given the party all necessary passes, so that 
American guards only halted the party temporarily. Reaching 
the last outpost the officer on duty persuaded them to remain all 
night, owing to the danger from marauders on the road further 
south. Early in the morning they went on. Andre's guide, ac- 
companied him as far as Croton River, and there left him to go 
on alone. No regular American patrols went south of this 
river, but on this particular morning a party of volunteers had 
agreed to guard the road, and three of them were stationed at 
the brook near Sleepy Hollow. Andre soon appeared, and 
although he tried to disarm their suspicions, they compelled him 
to dismount and submit to a search. In his stockings were 
found the fatal papers. Andre* offered bribes to a large amount 
if they would let him go, but the stern patriots refused his highest 
offers, and marched him off to the nearest American post. The 
commanding officer, Colonel Jamieson, was very near sending 
prisoner, papers, and all to Arnold, but Major Tallmadge per- 
suaded him to send only a letter detailing the circumstances of 
the arrest. This letter Arnold received while at breakfast. He 
immediately left the table, ordered his horse, saying that he was 
wanted down the river, rode to Beverly Dock (see page ), 
and leaping into his six-oared barge went down the river with 
all speed to the Vulture. 



24 HUDSON RIVER. 

Andre* at once wrote to Washington, frankly telling the whole 
truth about his complicity with Arnold, and closing with the 
words " Thus was I betrayed (being Adjutant-General of the 
British army) into the vile condition of an enemy in disguise 
within your posts." WashingtQn convened a court, which tried 
Andre at Tappan. The accused so freely and truthfully ad- 
mitted all the charges and specifications, that it was not neces- 
sary to examine a single witness, and the Court, after long 
deliberation, reluctantly sentenced him to death. Much sym- 
pathy was felt for Andre* throughout the American camp, but 
everyone acknowledged that under the circumstances no leniency 
should be shown. An informal proposition was made to ex- 
change him for Arnold, but neither Washington nor Sir Henry 
Clinton would officially consider this plan, and on October 2, 
1780, Andre was hung. 

In 1832 his remains were removed to England, and a monu- 
ment stands in Westminster Abbey on which the sad story is 
inscribed. Arnold was made a Major-General in the British 
army, and received ,£10,000, the price of his treason, but was 
despised even by his brother officers, and died with hardly a 
friend to mourn his loss. Monuments have been erected to the 
memory of Paulding and Van Wart, two of the men engaged in 
Andre's capture at Peekskill and Tarrytown. 



HUDSON RIVER. 



25 



NYACK. 

Orangetoiun. Rockland Co., N. Y. 
27 miles from New York. 

Nearly opposite Tarrytown, at 
the foot of a precipitous hill. Red 
sandstone was formerly quarried in 
large quantities near this place, but 
the discovery of equally good stone 
nearer the river has rendered it un- 
profitable to work the mines. 

SING SING. 

Ossining, Westchester Co., N. Y. 

32 miles from New York. 

This town is on the east bank, 
and a large part of its houses com- 
mand an extensive view down the 
river. Sing Sing is best known as 
the site of the State Prison, to 
which most of the convicts of New 
York City are sent. The white 
prison buildings will be readily re- 
cognized at the lower end of the 
town. The marble of which these 
buildings are constructed is the kind 
known as dolomite. It is quarried 
near by, and the prisons have been 
built by the convicts themselves. 
The main building was ready for 
occupation in 1829, but has received 
improvements and additions since. 
In connection with the prison, the 
name of Capt. Elam Lynds should 
not be forgotten. This officer took 
charge of a party of one hundred 
convicts at Auburn, brought them 
to Sing Sing (there were no rail- 



roads in those days), and set them 
to work to wall themselves in, 
which in due time was accomplished, 
and thus Sing Sing prison was be- 
gun. Capt. Lynds was a natural 
disciplinarian, and is said to have 
brought the hundred men from Au- 
burn with the aid of only a few 
guards. 

Opposite Sing Sing is a high hill, 
projecting somewhat into the river. 
This is known by its old Dutch 
name of Verdritege Hook. The 
name signifies "grievous," and was 
given in consequence of the frequent 
squalls which beset the sailor in this 
neighborhood. Rockland Lake lies 
on one of the shoulders of this 
mountain. This lake is about half 
a mile from the river, and 300 feet 
above it. Large quantities of ice 
are cut from its surface every win- 
ter. The slide by which the ice is 
sent down to be loaded on barges 
may be seen near the landing, lead- 
ing straight up the hillside to the 
lake shore. The peculiar sharp- 
pointed peak near by is known as 
the High Torn. 

TELLER'S AND CROTON 
POINTS. 

Cortland, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
36 miles from New York. 

The extremity of this tongue of 
land, projecting far into the river 
from its eastern bank, is known as 



26 



HUDSON RIVER. 



Teller's Point. Croton Point is 
that portion nearer the shore of the 
river. It separates Tappan Bay from 
Haverstraw Bay. Off this point 
the Vulture anchored when she 
brought Andre to meet Arnold, and 
from thence the gun was brought to 
bear which drove that vessel down 
the river. Croton Point is now 
occupied by the vineyards of Dr. 
Underhill, whose pure wines are 
much used for medicinal purposes. 

Just below Teller's Point is the 
mouth of Croton River, which 
supplies New York with water. 
This stream has a wide mouth, 
sometimes called Croton Bay, which 
was partly filled up in 184 1 by the 
washing away of the Croton Reser- 
voir dam. The work was, however, 
pressed forward, and in 1842 water 
was supplied to the city through the 
Croton pipes. The aqueduct is 
built of solid masonry, and follows 
the course of the Hudson at an 
average distance of about a mile 
from its shore. This aqueduct is 
capable of discharging 60,000,000 
gallons per day into the receiving 
reservoir in the Central Park, New 
York. The entire cost of the Cro- 
ton works at their completion was 
about $14,000,000. Since that 
time great improvements and addi- 
tions have been made, to meet the 
demands of the growing city. It is 
estimated that the Croton River 
will supply water enough for New 



York even if the city should reach 
five times its present size. 

HAVERSTRAW. 

Haverstraw, Rockland Co., N. Y. 
36 miles from New York. 

For a few miles below Haver- 
straw, the summits of the High- 
lands are distinctly in sight, up 
the river, although their bases are 
hidden by intervening hills. The 
long ridge-like elevation, toward 
which the boat heads, is the Donder-. 
berg, near 1,000 feet in height. 
Haverstraiv is the village seen on a 
high bank, or plateau, on the west 
side of the river, which above Cro- 
ton Point spreads out into the wide 
and beautiful expanse known as 
Haverstraw Bay. 

VERPLANCK'S POINT AND 
STONY POINT. 

38 miles from New York. 
These two points mark the up- 
per end of Haverstraw Bay. Stony 
Point is on the west side of the 
river, a bold rocky eminence, hav- 
ing a lighthouse on its summit.. 
Opposite, on the east side of the 
river, is Verplanck" 1 s Point, which 
may be recognized by several large 
brick-making establishments, with 
their kilns and drying-houses. Just? 
below Stony Point is Grassy Point, 
and opposite to it Montrasse'l 
Point. Between Stony and Ver- 
planck' s Point the river is only half 



HUDSON RIVER. 



27 



a mile wide, which fact, together 
with the commanding positions af- 
forded by the neighboring hills, ren- 
dered this an important pass during 
the Revolutionary War. Long pre- 
vious to that war a ferry was es- 
tablished here known as King's Fer- 
ry, forming an important avenue 
of communication between the East- 
ern and Middle States. The im- 
portance of the Hudson River as a 
base of operations and as a natural 
boundary was early recognized by 
Washington, and here, as at Wash- 
ington Heights, fortifications were 
erected commanding the river. 

A short distance southwest of 
Stony Point is Treason Hill, 
whereon stands Smith's house, in 
which Andre and Arnold com- 



pleted their scheme for the sur- 
render of West Point, ^.nd whence 
Andr6 started to cross King's 
Ferry, on his fatal journey toward 
New York. 

Above Stony Point a high lime- 
stone cliff rises from near the water's 
edge. At its foot are the "Tomp- 
kins Lime Kilns," looking like a 
stone fortress with arched case- 
mates. These' quarries have been 
worked for many years, and vast 
quantities of slaked lime are annual- 
ly shipped to market. Besides the 
lime, between 30,000 and 40,000 
tons of gravel, too coarse for slak- 
ing, are used for roads in the Cen- 
tral Park, New York, and other, 
public highways in the vicinity. 



UNITED STATES HOTEL, 

ZNTZE^sATIB'CrDFtQKH:, 3NT. "ST. 



The undersigned beg leave to announce to the 
public that they have taken the above-named 
house, together with 



<J 



_A. 



FIRST-CLASS SUMMER RESORT, 

ONE MILE NORTH OF THE CITY, ON 
THE BANK OF THE RIVER. 

GOODSELL BEOTHEES, - - - Proprietors. 



28 HUDSON RIVER. 



The Capture of Stony Point. 

The forts located at Stony Point were held by the Americans until 
June ist, 1779, when they were simultaneously invested by a British force, 
commanded by Sir Henry Clinton. No direct attack was made on Fort 
Lafayette, the work on Verplanck's Point, until after the evacuation of 
Stony Point. The garrison at the latter place numbered only 40 men, 
and abandoned the work on the approach of an overwhelming force of 
the British, who quietly took possession, ran up the cross of St. George 
on the flagstaff, and opened fire on Fort Lafayette with the captured 
guns. At the same time Gen. Vaughan attacked on the east side of 
the river, and the weak garrison of 70 men was soon forced to surrender. 
The loss of this position was a severe blow to the Americans, compelling 
them to make a wide detour in order to keep up their communications. 
General Anthony Wayne at once requested and obtained permission to 
storm Stony Point, and at midnight on the 15th of July, 1779, led two 
columns of picked men to the assault. They advanced undiscovered 
until they were close upon the British picket, which of course gave the 
alarm, and the garrison turned out. The parapet was manned, and a 
scathing fire of grape and musketry swept the hillside; but "Mad An- 
thony" was at the head of his column, and, within half an hour after 
the first shot, carried the works at the bayonet's point, capturing the 
entire garrison with its stores.. Wayne was knocked over, but not 
seriously injured, by a musket ball. The next morning a cannonade 
was opened on the works at Verplanck's Point, and continued through 
the day. Re-enforcements were sent to the British, and it soon became 
evident that sufficient force to hold Stony Point could not be spared by 
the Americans. They therefore dismantled and abandoned the fort, 
and it passed again into British hands. They, however, in turn abandoned 
•the position in October, and from that time the Americans retained 
^possession. 



HUDSON RIVER. 



2 9 



PEEXSXILL. 

Courtland, Westchester Co., N. Y. 

43 miles from New York. 
Soon after rounding Verplanck's 
Point, Peekskill may be seen 
near the Highlands, on the east 
bank of the river. At this point, 
in ascending the river, a stranger 
naturally infers that the river 
follows the base of the high hills 
stretching to the eastward. This 
delusion is aided by the wide 
creek or inlet which opens in that 
direction. It will not therefore be 
thought strange that in early times 
Jan Peek, a Dutch skipper, steered 
his craft up this creek and in due 
time ran her hard and fast aground. 
Jan looked about him, and seeing' 
that the land was good, concluded 
to remain, which he accordingly did, 
and the place is called Peek's Kill 
unto this day. The village is a 
pleasant one, and within easy reach 
of all interesting parts of the High- 
lands. The Rev. Henry Ward 
Beecher has a country residence a 
little east of the village. 

Fort Independence stood, during 
Revolutionary times, on the point 
above PeekskilL, where its ruins may 
still be seen. 

The village on the point opposite 
Peekskill is CaldivelPs Landing, 
and above it rise the rocky and 
weather-beaten cra^s of the Donder- 



berg, or Thunder-mountain, around 
which, at the close of a sultry sum- 
mer day, black clouds are wont 
to gather, casting a deep inky black- 
ness over mountain and river, while 
mutterings of thunder are echoed 
from peak to peak, with such strange 
and confused rumblings that we can 
hardly wonder at the superstitions 
which, according to Irving, peopled 
the hills with a crowd of little imps 
in sugar-loaf hats and short doublets, 
who were seen at various times 
"tumbling head over heels in the 
rack and mist," and bringing down 
frightful squalls on such craft as fail- 
ed to drop the peaks of their main- 
sails in salute to the Dutch goblin 
who kept the Donderberg. As the 
boat passes Peekskill the view up 
stream becomes truly magnificent. 
On the east shore opposite, and a 
little above the Donderberg, is An- 
thony's Nose, over 1,200 feet higli. 
In the "History of New York," 
Irving gives an amusing account, too 
long to quote here, of the origin of 
this name. Another, and perhaps 
more trustworthy account, says that 
it was once jocularly compared to 
the nose of one Anthony Hogans, 
the captain of a sloop, who possess- 
ed an unusually large nose, and thus 
the name obtained a local currency 
which eventually became fixed as 
the title of this majestic hill. On 



3° 



HUDSON RIVER. 



the west side of the river is Iona 
Island, on which are extensive vine- 
yards. This island is the northern- 
most point which is reached by the 
sea-breeze. The effect upon vege- 
tation is very noticeable in the 
spring of the year. 

The stream which may be seen 
falling into the river below Antho- 
ny's Nose is known as B roc ken Kill. 
It is full of romantic cascades, 
almost from its mouth to its source. 

FOKTS CLINTON AND MONT- 
GOMERY. 

Cornwall, Orange Co., N. V. 
47 miles from New York. 

On the west side of the river, near- 
ly opposite to Anthony's Nose, may 
be seen the mouth of Montgomery 
Creek. On the rocky heights above 
and below the creek stood Forts 
Clinton and Montgomery, which 
were in 1777 the principal defences 
of the Hudson. They were con- 
sidered impregnable to an assault 
from the land side, and with the ord- 
nance of the day they had little to 
fear from a naval attack. A heavy 
boom, made of a huge iron chain on 
timber floats, stretched across the 
river, and was made fast to the 
rocks at Anthony's Nose. This, it 
was thought, would effectually pre- 
vent the ascent of a hostile fleet. 

On October 6th, 1777, Sir Henry 
Clinton sent a strong detachment 
around and over the Donderberg to 
attack these forts in the rear. A 



demonstration on the east side of 
the river had led General Putnam 
to anticipate an attack on Fort In- 
dependence, near Peekskill, and a 
portion of the garrison at Fort Mont- 
gomery was temporarily withdrawn 
to strengthen that post. The British 
had a sharp skirmish with an Ameri- 
can detachment at Lake Sinni- 
pink, which is still known among 
the inhabitants as " Bloody Pond." 
This attack was the first warning 
which aroused the garrison at the 
forts. In the course of the after- 
noon the forts were attacked, and 
the garrisons defended themselves 
gallantly until evening, when, it 
having become evident that they 
could not hold out, they took to the 
mountains, an orderly retreat being 
impossible, and so the greater part 
escaped. An American flotilla, con- 
sisting of two sloops and some 
smaller craft, which lay above the 
boom, had to be abandoned and 
burned to prevent its falling into the 
enemy's hands. The next morning 
the boom, which had cost the Ameri- 
cans so much labor and money, was 
destroyed, and the British fleet, with 
a detachment of troops, proceeded 
up the river. A short time after- 
wards the British received the news 
of Burgoyne's surrender, and the 
forts were evacuated. 

Near Montgomery Creek another 
smaller stream falls into the Hud- 
son. This is Sinnipink Creek, hav- 



HUDSON RIVER. 



31 



ing its rise in a lake of the same 
name, half a mile distant. At the 
mouth of this stream is an ice de- 
pot of the Knickerbocker Ice Com- 
pany. The ice is slid down from 
Sinnipink Lake on ways, and stored 
for summer use. 

WEST POINT (Landing). 

Cornwall, Orange Co., N. V. 

51 miles from New York. 

Soon after passing the former 
site of Fort Montgomery, the gray 
ruins of Fort Putnam may be seen 
crowning the heights above West 
Point. A little cove may now be 
seen in the east bank of the river, 
where is a stone wharf, and two or 
three small buildings. This is 
" Beverly Dock," from which Ar- 
nold started in his hasty flight to 
the Vulture, which lay in Tappan 
Bay. On the hill, not far distant, is 
Robinson's house, where Arnold 
was breakfasting when he received 
the news of Andre's capture. Near- 
ly opposite, and a little above Bever- 
ly Dock, Buttermilk Falls may be 
seen, breaking in snow-white foam 
over a black sloping rock. A con- 
siderable village stands on the stream 
above the fall. Cozzens 1 Hotel, a 
favorite and fashionable resort dur- 
ing the summer months, is on a 
commanding height near the falls. 
This hotel is surrounded on all sides 
by the most charming walks and 
pleasure-grounds. 

West Point is best known as the 



site of the United States Military 
Academy. Before the commence- 
ment of the present century, Wash- 
ington suggested this place as a 
proper one for the establishment of 
such an institution, but no formal 
steps were taken by Congress until 
1802. Ten years later, in 18 12, the 
school was fairly established, and 
has ever since continued to increase 
in importance and excellence. 

But little of the academy can be 
seen from a passing boat, the build- 
ings being situated on an elevated 
plateau, about 180 feet above the 
river. This plateau is occupied by 
the various barracks, schools, arse- 
nals, etc., connected with the insti- 
tution. These are so arranged as to 
leave a broad parade open for mili- 
tary evolutions, parades, etc. 

The average number of cadets is 
about 250. Candidates for admis- 
sion are nominated by members of 
Congress and by the President, a 
certain number being fixed for each 
congressional district. These can- 
didates report for examination in 
June of each year, and, if they are 
mentally and physically qualified, are; 
admitted as cadets, which is, in mili- 
tary rank, a grade below second 
lieutenant. The course of instruc- 
tion is very thorough and complete, 
especially in mathematics ; military 
tactics and operations bearing an. 
important place. The best time to 
visit West Point is during the 



32 



HUDSON RIVER. 



months of July and August, when 
the cadets go into camp, and lead 
the life of soldiers in the field. 
Drills, parades, and guard-mountings 
are the order of the day, everything 
being done in the best and most 
perfect manner known to the mili- 
tary service. 

At the end of August a ball is 
given by the cadets, and the next day 
camp is broken up, and they resume 
their regular quarters and studies. 

West Point was the scene of no 
actual fighting during the Revolu- 
tion, although it was fortified from 
the first. A boom similar to that 
which was prepared at Fort Mont- 
gomery was stretched across the 
river, from West Point to Consti- 
tution Island, which lies between 
Cold Spring and the Point. The 
island was heavily fortified toward 
the latter part of the war, and re- 
mains of the old batteries may still 
be seen. Of the fortifications on 
the west side of the river, Fort Put- 
nam is the most interesting. It is 
596 feet above the river, and the 
view from its crumbling walls is ex- 
ceedingly fine. Other batteries were 
erected, but no attempt to ascend 
the river thus far was made by the 
British after Vaughan's expedition 
:in 1777. 

COLD SPRING. 

PhiliJ>stoiun, Putnam Co., N. Y. 
$jQ.miles from New York. 

Cold Spring is noted for its Iron 



Foundery, the buildings and chim- 
neys of which are plainly seen from 
West Point. Here, under the super- 
intendence of Major Parrot, were 
cast the celebrated Parrot guns, 
which did such good service in the 
war of the Rebellion. 

On an elevated plateau near the 
village is Undercliff, the country- 
seat of the late George P. Morris. 
The scenes surrounding this quiet- 
spot are mentioned in many of his 
later poems. 

We are now in the heart of the 
Highlands, and the beauty and 
grandeur of the surroundings are sub- 
limely impressive. The mountain 
which rises immediately above Cold 
Spring is Bull Hill, or, to give its 
more classic name, Mt. Taurus. It 
is 1,586 feet in height. Just above 
this elevation, and separated from 
it by a valley, is Breakneck Hill, 
1,187 feet hi g h - In W - J- Blake's 
History of Putnam Co., it is stated 
that the former of these hills was 
once the abode of a wild bull, 
which became such a source of dread 
to the inhabitants that they or- 
ganized a hunt, and drove the ani- 
mal from his accustomed haunts 
across the valley to the neighbor- 
ing hill, where, being hard pressed 
by men and dogs, he dashed over 
the rocks and broke his neck. So 
the two hills were named in honor 
of the adventure. 

Breakneck Hill was formerly dis- 



HUDSON RIVER. 



33 



tinguished by a huge mass of rock, 
bearing a marked resemblance to a 
human face. This singular forma- 
tion was for many years one of the 
sights to be looked at by every pas- 
senger up or down the river. In 
1846 a party of workmen was blast- 
ing near by, under the charge of a 
Captain Ayers, and an unfortunate 
blast loosened the rock, so that -5Y. 
Anthony's Face, as it was called, 
was forever destroyed. Mr. Blake 
accuses Ayers of intentionally caus- 
mg this mutilation of the moun- 
tain, but we are loth to believe that 
such could have been the case. The 
face was on the southwestern angle 
of the mountain, and the wreck of 
fallen rocks may still be seen from 
the passing boat. 

The promontory at the foot of 

Bull Hill is known as Little Stony 
Point. 

On the west side of the river are 
Cro y Nest and Butter Hill. The 
former is the one next above West 
Point. It is 1,418 feet high, and 
separated from Butter Hill by a 
wild and picturesque valley. The 
name Cro* Nest probably was at 
first applied to a deep rocky depres- 
sion which exists near the summit, 
but it is now understood to mean the 
mountain itself. The name will re- 
call yoseph Rodman Drake's beauti- 
ful poem, " The Culprit Fay" the 
scene of which is laid among these 
hills. 



The precipice which forms the 
river-face of Cro' Nest is known as 
"Kidd's Plug Cliffy It owes its 
name to a singular- projecting mass 
of rock which may be seen near its 
summit. 

The neighboring mountain has 
of late come to be called the Storm 
King, and as the old name is nei- 
ther beautiful nor appropriate, it will 
soon be forgotten. Its summit is 
1,529 feet high. To the late N. P. 
Willis is due the credit of rechristen- 
ing this grand peak, as well as giv- 
ing appropriate names to other ob- 
jects of interest in the vicinity. Mr. 
Willis' cottage, "Idlewild," stands 
almost on the northern slope of the 
Storm King, and commands exten- 
sive views of the neighboring coun- 
try. The cottage itself can hardly 
be seen from the river. 

COEFWALL LANDING. 

Cornwall, Orange Co., N. Y. 
56 "miles from Neiv York. 

The village of Cornwall is a short 
distance west of the river. The 
beauty of its situation renders it a 
fashionable resort during the sum- 
mer, when its many beautiful resi- 
dences are the scene of a constant 
round of gayety. 

After passing Breakneck Hill, 
Beacon Hill may be seen to the 
eastward. This elevation is 1,471 
feet in height, and commands a pros- 
pect which has given it considerable 



34 



HUDSON RIVER. 



celebrity. It was used during the 
Revolution as a signal station. 
Looking to the westward as soon 
as the Storm King ceases to ob- 
struct the view, the summits of the 
Shawangimk (pronounced Shong- 
gum) Mts. may be seen trending 
away to the northward, and almost 
joining the blue outline of the 
distant Catskills. Just at the upper 
entrance to the Highlands is Pol- 
lipeVs Island, a rocky bit of ground, 
to which a supernatural origin was 
ascribed by the Indians. In 1777 a 
chevaux- de frise, made of logs 
with pointed iron heads, was sunk 
between the island and the mainland 
to prevent British ships from ascend- 
ing the river ; but it seems to have 
proved ineffectual. 

This island and the neighboring 
hills have from time to time been 
searched for deposits of treasure 
supposed to have been concealed by 
the almost mythical Captain Kidd. 

The view down stream from above 
Breakneck Hill is considered one of 
the finest on the river, including 
as it does several of the grandest 
peaks of the Highlands, with the 
noble river flowing at their feet. 

FISHKILL LANDING. 

Fishkill, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 
60 miles from New York. 

This landing is the port, so to 
term it, of Fishkill, five miles in- 
land. The Matteawan Creek falls 



into the Hudson at this point. At 
Fishkill this stream furnishes water- 
power for several mills and factories 
of large size. The situation of this 
town is extremely romantic, being 
surrounded on all sides by high and 
rocky hills, which are full of wild 
and picturesque ravines. 

The Dutchess and Cohi?nbia 
Railway has its western terminus 
at Fishkill Landing, connecting 
through the Connecticut Western- 
Railway, now being built, with all 
parts of the New England States, 
and forming, through the Newburg 
branch of the Erie Railway, a con- 
tinuous line of communication be- 
tween Boston and the West. A 
steam ferry connects Fishkill Land- 
ing and Newburg. 

NEWBURG. 

Newburg; Orange Co., N. Y. 

60 miles from New York. 
Hotel. — United States. 

This is one of the largest and 
most thriving towns on the Hudson. 
It stands on a gentle elevation on 
the west bank of the river, com- 
manding a noble view of the High- 
lands and of the Matteawan Moun- 
tains. It is the eastern terminus of 
the Newburg Branch of the Erie 
Raihvay, which joins the main line 
at Greycourt, nineteen miles west. 
This branch is principally used in 
transporting coal from the Pennsyl- 
vania coal-fields. Over a million 
tons are delivered annually at this 



HUDSON RIVER. 



35 



point, and shipped by water to 
various destinations. 

A flag-staff, standing in the south- 
ern part of the town, may be seen 
from the steamer. Near this is 
an old stone house', now owned and 
kept in order by the State, which 
was occupied by Washington as his 
headquarters when the army lay at 
New Windsor, two miles south. 
This house contains many interest- 
ing relics of the Revolutionary War. 
At the foot of the flag-staff before 
mentioned, the last surviving mem- 
ber of Washington's Life Guard 
was buried in 1856, and a monu- 
ment, with an appropriate inscrip- 
tion, stands over his grave. 

A short distance south of New- 
burg is the site of the American 
camp where, during the winter of 
1783, the troops suffered so severely 
from the attacks of smallpox. 

Newburg is well known among 
boating-men, as having produced 
several renowned professional oars- 
men, and as having cultivated the 
sport of ice-boat sailing to a greater 
extent than any other place in the 
country. 

LOW POINT. 

Fishkill, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

64 miles from New York. 

This is a small village on the east 

bank of the Hudson. Opposite, on 

the west bank, is a flat rock, now 

crowned with cedars, which Hen- 



drick Hudson and his comrades 
named the Duyvels Dans Kamer, 
in consequence of an Indian pow- 
wow which they witnessed at night, 
with all its hideous accessories of 
fire and war-paint. The rock is 
still known to the river pilots by 
this name. 

NEW HAMBUEG, 

Poiighkeepsie, Dutchess Co., N. Y., 
66 miles from New York, 
Stands at the mouth of Wappin- 
ger's Creek, which falls into the 
Hudson on the east side. This 
stream is crossed at its mouth by a 
long trestle bridge, with a draw in 
the middle. A ferry plies between 
New Hamburg and Hampton op* 
posite. 

MAELBOEOUGH. 

Marlborough, Ulster Co., N. Y., 
66 miles from New York, 
Is pleasantly situated on the west 
bank of the Hudson, overlooking 
the river and the country beyond. 
Back of the village are the Shawan- 
gunk Mountains, and intervening is 
a hilly country of great beauty. In 
this vicinity the Arbor Vitce is found 
in great perfection. This tree is 
also known as the white cedar. Its 
scientific name is Thurja Occidenta- 
lis. A peculiarly beautiful grove 
of these trees will be noticed on the 
west bank, a little above Marlbo- 
rough, where an entire hillside is 
covered with the delicate pencil-like 



36 



HUDSON RIVER. 



forms of this symmetrical and grace- 
ful tree. 

MILTON FEERY or BAENEGAT. 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 
71 miles fr§nt New York. 

The village, or part of it, may.be 
seen crowning the steep bank which 
rises from the western shore of the 
river. Large quantities of raspber- 
ries are raised in this vicinity for the 
New York market, the soil and 
climate being peculiarly adapted to 
the cultivation of that fruit. 

Just before reaching Poughkeep- 
sie, which city may be seen on the 
bluff beyond, we pass Locust Grove, 
the country-seat of Prof. S. F. B. 
Morse. It can hardly be necessary 
to remind any civilized being that 
Prof. Morse is the inventor of the 
electric telegraph, now so indispen- 
sable to every nation of Christen- 
dom. The professor has made other 
useful inventions, and had in his 
earlier life a reputation as an artist. 
His fame, however, rests on the dis- 
covery of the electric telegraph, and 
for this he has received many testi- 
monials from European sovereigns, 
and from scientific associations all 
over the world. 

POUGHKEEPSIE. 

Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 
75 miles from New York. 

The city of Poughkeepsie is built 
on a table-land, at a considerable 
height, so that its spires and build- 



ings may be seen from a long dis- 
tance up and down the river. The 
name is a corruption of the Indian 
name given to the cove which once 
existed at the mouth of Fall Kill. 
Two peculiar elevations will be 
noticed at the river-side, the south- 
ern of which bears the name of Call 
Rock, from the fact that the inhab- 
itants used to hail passing vessels 
from its summit. The place was 
settled by the Dutch about 1698, 
and incorporated as a city in 1854. 
The principal object of interest to 
the antiquary is the Van Kleck 
house, a stone structure with loop- 
holes in its walls. It was built in 
1705. The State Legislature met 
in it in 1777 and 1778, when the 
British held New York, and had 
burned their former meeting-place 
at Esopus. There also the State 
Convention for the ratification of 
the Federal Constitution met, in 
1788. 57 members were present, 
and after a long debate, in which 
such men as Governor Clinton, John 
Jay, and Alexander Hamilton took 
part, the Constitution was ratified 
by a majority of three. 

Poughkeepsie is the shire town 
of Dutchess County, and contains 
the usual court and jail buildings. 
The streets of the city are beauti- 
fully shaded, its situation is very 
healthful, and everything combines 
to make it most attractive as a resi- 
dence. The Vassar Female Col~ 



HUDSON RIVER. 



37 



lege is the largest and most impor- 
tant of the many excellent educa- 
tional institutions of Poughkeepsie. 
The late Matthew Vassar, a wealthy- 
citizen of Poughkeepsie, founded 
and endowed this extensive college. 
It is intended for the education of 
women only, and is the most com- 
plete establishment of its kind in 
the world. 

NEW PALTZ. 

Lloyd, Ulster Co., N. Y. 
75 miles from New York. 
This village is the shipping point 
for the farm produce of the rich 
agricultural region to the westward. 
Ice is cut from the Hudson in con- 
siderable quantities, and stored for 
use in the large buildings on the 
river-bank. 

HYDE PAEK. 

Hyde Park, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

80 miles fro7ii New York. 
Named in honor of Sir Edward 
Hyde, one of the early British Gov- 
ernors of New York. The village 
is half a mile east of the river-bank, 
on a beautiful and fertile table-land. 
The bend in the river between rocky 
bluffs is known to river men as 
Croni Elbow ) a combination of 
the original Dutch name and its 
English equivalent. A creek of the 
same name falls into the river. The 
point on the east shore is De Vroos 
Point. A light iron foot-bridge 
will be noticed crossing a deep cut- 



ting of the Hudson River Railroad. 
The house beyond is that of Joseph 
Boormau, first President of the 
Hudson River Railroad. 

Between Hyde Park and Oak 
Hill, 30 miles above, there is a large 
number of extensive and ancient 
country-seats, many of them ante- 
dating the Revolution. The beauty 
of the country seems to have at- 
tracted' men of taste and wealth in 
those days to make their homes 
along this fertile bluff, and in many 
cases their descendants still occupy 
the old mansions of their fathers, — a 
state of things so rare in America 
as to deserve especial notice. 

About a mile above Hyde Park 
landing is " Placentia," the former 
home of the late James K. Paul* 
ding) one of the pioneers of Ameri- 
can literature, and the friend of 
Washington Irving. Opposite, on 
the west bank, but scarcely in sight 
from the river, is the famous apple 
farm of P. L. Pell, Esq. On this 
farm there are said to be 25,000 
bearing apple-trees. The fruit of 
these trees is packed with the great- 
est care, and much of it is shipped 
to Europe. 

STAATSBTJKG. 

Hyde Park, Dutchess County, N. Y. 

85 miles from New York. 

The banks of the river from this 

place northward lose the precipitous 

character which has marked them 



38 



HUDSON RIVER. 



thus far, and slope from the river 
in a less abrupt manner. Two 
miles above Hyde Park, Esopus 
Island will be noticed near the east 
bank. Just below it are some low 
rocks, on which the steamer Berk- 
shire was burned in 1864. She 
caught fire off the island, and was 
purposely run on these rocks to en- 
able the passengers to escape. Just 
below Esopus Island, on the west 
side of the river, is the residence of 
John Astor, Esq. Opposite are 
two fine estates, the lower owned 
by Dr. Hussack, and the upper by 
Mrs. M. Livingston. 

The village of Staatshirg is on 
the east bank. 

RONDOUT. 

Kingston, Ulster County, N. Y. 

90 miles from New York. 
Hotel — Rhinecliff House. 
Rondout Creek enters the Hud- 
son from the westward. Its mouth 
is the eastern end of the Delaware 
and Hudson Canal, which joins the 
creek 2 \ miles above. This canal, 
finished in 1828, extends to the 
vicinity of the Pennsylvania coal- 
fields ; and every provision is made 
at Rondout for the trans-shipment 
of vast quantities of coal. 

PORT EWEN 
Is a comparatively new village, be- 
low the mouth of the creek. Near- 
ly all the inhabitants of these vil- 



lages are engaged in one way or 
another in the coal business, and 
in the extensive Rosendale cement 
quarries, whose products are highly 
valued, and largely used all over 
the country. 

KINGSTON, 
Formerly Esopus, is on Esopus 
Creek, which at that point ap- 
proaches within about 2 miles of 
Rondout, and then curves to the 
northward, entering the Hudson 
12 miles above. Kingston was 
settled in 16 14, and was thrice 
destroyed by Indians before a per- 
manent footing was obtained by the 
Europeans. In 1777 the State 
Legislature met and formed a con- 
stitution. In the autumn of the 
same year, soon after the capture 
of Forts Montgomery and Clinton 
by the British, General Vaughan, 
with 3,000 troops, landed at Ron- 
dout, marched to Kingston (then 
Esopus), and sacked and burned 
the town, remaining until they re- 
ceived the news of Burgoyne's sur- 
render, when they at once retired 
to New York, abandoning all that 
they had gained. While Esopus 
(Kingston) was burning, the in- 
habitants fled to Hurley, a neigh- 
boring village, where the small 1 
force of American troops tried and 
hung a messenger who was caught 
carrying dispatches from Clinton 
to Burgoyne. When first caught 



HUDSON RIVER. 



39 



this man swallowed a silver ball, 
which an emetic brought again to 
light, and which was found to con- 
tain the fatal dispatch. 

EHIJTEBECK. 

Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, N. Y. 
90 miles from New York. 

Not far above Staatsburg, on the 
east side of the river, is the country- 
seat known as Wildercliff. It is 
by no means so elegant as many of 
the neighboring estates ; but to 
members of the Methodist Church 
in America it is interesting as hav- 
ing been built by Freeborn Garrett- 
so?i, the eminent preacher, who 
married a sister of Chancellor Liv- 
ingston, and to whose energy is due 
much of the prosperity of that 
branch of the Christian Church. 
The place may be recognized by 
the broad lawn which lies in front 
of the house. Next above this 
place is Ellerslie, the residence of 
the Hon. William Kelly, long 
prominent in political life. His es- 
tate contains about 600 acres, much 
of which is devoted to gardens 
and ornamental grounds, and the 
rest is highly cultivated as a farm. 
The quaint stone house on a hill near 
Rhinebeck Landing is the Beekman 
House, built prior to 1700. It 
served as a church and as a fort 
during early times, when the In- 
dians were hostile and powerful. 

The village of Rhinebeck is 2 



miles from the river, and cannot 
be seen from the steamer. Within 
the limits of the town there is an 
extensive vein of gold - bearing 
quartz, which yields the precious 
metal in paying quantities. The 
principal lode is on the property of 
R. W. Millbank, but it probably 
extends to and beyond the river. 
This quartz is found between well- 
defined walls of the ordinary talco- 
argillaceous slate characteristic of 
the region. 

In 1867 the steamer Dean Rich- 
mond was sunk a little below 
Rhinebeck, in consequence of a col- 
lision with the steamer Vanderbilt. 

BARRYT0WH\ 

Red Hook, Dutchess County, N. Y. 
98 miles fro7n New York. 

Formerly known as Lower Red 
Hook Landing. A little above 
Rhinebeck is the residence of Wil- 
liam B. Astor. It may be recog- 
nized by its tower and pointed roof. 
This estate is named Rokeby, and is 
one of the finest on the river. Next 
above is the estate known as Mont- 
gomery Place, surpassing in beauty, 
if possible, the last one mentioned. 
The house was built by the wife of 
General Montgomery, who fell in 
the assault on Quebec in 1775. Her 
brother, Edward Livingston, suc- 
ceeded her in the ownership of the 
place, and his family still occupies 
it. 



4Q 



HUDSON RIVER. 



Near the eastern shore, 2 miles 
above Barrytown, isCruger's Island, 
a spot made beautiful by nature and 
art. 

In a grove near the southern end 
stands a ruin which was imported 
from Italy by the former proprietor 
of the island. Its broken arches 
may be seen among the trees as the 
boat passes, forming a singular con- 
trast with the modern architecture 
of the neighboring house. The 
latter, however, is not in sight from 
the boat at the same time with the 
ruin. A glimpse of it may be caught 
in passing, a short distance above. 

TIVOLI. 

Red Hook, Dutchess Co. , N. Y. 
100 miles from New York, 

This is a small village around 
the railway station. Near the vil- 
lage is an old mansion now owned 
by Col. De Peyster, which was 
built before the Revolution by one 
of the Livingston family. The 
British, on their way to burn Clare- 
mont, a little above, in 1777, stop- 
ped here, under the impression that 
this was the house to be destroyed. 
The proprietor, however, aided by 
his well-stocked wine-cellar, con- 
vinced them of their mistake, and 
they left him unmolested. 

SATJGERTIES, 

Satigerties, Ulster Co., N. Y., 

100 miles from New York, 

Is near the mouth of Esopus 



Creek, which is navigable to the 
village. There are extensive iron 
works and paper-mills at this place, 
and large quantities of flagging-stone 
are quarried in the vicinity. A short 
distance above Saugerties is Maiden, 
where, on the 4th of September, 
1852, the steamer Reindeer explod- 
ed while at the wharf, killing 37 
persons. This sad accident cast a 
gloom over the whole community. 
Passing the landings of East and 
West Camps we soon reach 

GERMANTOWN. 

Germantown, Colu7)ibia Co., N. Y. 
105 miles from New York. 

The view of the Catskill Moun- 
tains is here very fine. The entire 
range can be seen, and the Catskill 
Mountain House may be distin- 
guished in relief against the sky. 

Germantown is not directly upon 
the river-bank, and cannot be seen 
from the boat. The large white 
building on a hill near the landing 
is the Riverside Sejninary, estab- 
lished by Philip Rockafellow. 

A few miles above Germantown 
is the mouth of Roelejf 'Janseri Kill, 
where the original Livingston Man- 
or House stood. Robert R. Liv- 
ingston, Chancekor of New York, 
built an elegant house, a little 
south of the old one, where his 
mother continued to reside. Chan- 
cellor Livingston's active sympathy 
with the cause of the Republic dur« 



HUDSON RIVER. 



41 



ng the Revolution made him so 
>bnoxious to the British, that when 
Sen. Vaughan burned Esopus he 
ent an expedition up the river to 
mrn Ciaremont — the name of the 

ivingston estate. They burned 
>oth the houses, but new and more 
legant ones were at once erected 
lear the ruins, and Ciaremont is 
till one of the finest country-seats 
>n the river. Chancellor Living- 
ton's name will always be associated 
vith that of Robert Fulton. 

The experiments of the latter in 
ipplying the steam-engine as a mo- 
ive power for boats would prob- 
ibly have been delayed for years 
lad it not been for the generous aid 
»f Chancellor Livingston. After a 
eries of discouraging failures in 

aris and New York, their efforts 
vere crowned with success, and in 

eptember, 1807, the "Clare??tont" 
nade her first trip from New York 
o Albany, bearing Fulton and the 
Chancellor, as well as a party of in- 
r ited guests. 

CATSKILL. 

Catskill, Greene Co., N. Y. 

Ill miles from Neiv York. 

Iotels. — Prospect Park House ; Greene 

County Hotel. 

Catskill Landing is at the end of 

long causeway, reaching across the 

hallows, on the western shore. But 

ittle of the town can be seen from 



the river. Cats Kill enters the 
Hudson near by, winding through 
rocky bluffs, with a deep channel, 
which is navigable for large vessels 
a mile from its mouth. Travelers 
intending to visit The Catskill 
Mountains can reach their destina- 
tion most easily from this point, as 
lines of stages run regularly to the 
Mountain House, 8 miles distant. 
For a particular description of the 
mountains see page 

Hendrick Hudson anchored the 
Half-Moon at the mouth of Cats 
Kill, on the 20th of September, 
1609, and was visited by large num- 
bers of friendly Indians, who brought 
provisions of all sorts, in return for 
which, as is stated by Juet, the his- 
torian of Hudson's voyage, some 
of them were made drunk. 

Thomas Cole, one of the pioneers 
of American Landscape Art, had his 
studio in this vicinity, where he 
could study nature in her most 
beautiful forms. It was here that 
he painted the celebrated allegorical 
series of pictures known as " The 
Voyage of Life." 

The country between the river 
near Catskill and the mountains is 
very interesting to the geologist, 
comprising as it does the exposed 
strata of all the principal rocks of 
the so-called New York system. 



AWL 




HUDSON RIVEK. 42 

The Catskill Mountains. 



Hotels. — Mountain House, Laurel House, Haines* House. 

The mountain scenery bordering upon the Hudson is 
justly celebrated for its diversity and beauty ; nor is this 
region less interesting to the man of science than to the 
tourist in search of the picturesque and beautiful. 

The mountains of this region all belong to the great 
Appalachian range, which traverses the eastern portion 
of the United States, from the States bordering on the 
Gulf of Mexico to the basin of the St. Lawrence River. 
The chain is made up of a succession of ridges whose 
prevailing course is parallel with each other and with the 
general coast line of the continent. 

The general character of the Appalachian range in 
New York is a gradual change from mountains to hills, 
which finally sink away in the lowlands of the great St. 
Lawrence basin. Three distinct ranges or collections of 
parallel ridges pass through New York State, from South 
west to North-east. 

The first or most easterly of these is the continuation 
of the great Blue Ridge of Virginia, Maryland, and Penn- 
sylvania, the main portions of which, passing through the 
North-western corner of New Jersey, forms the Shawan- 
gunk Mountain, which, extending between Sullivan and 
Orange counties, strikes the Hudson in the southern part 
of Ulster county. South-east of this long ridge a succes- 
sion of smaller ridges run parallel with it, some of which 
cross Orange and Rockland into Putnam and Dutchess 
counties, east of the river. The gap through which the 
Hudson flows is across these smaller ridges, whose highest 
summits rise to heights varying from one thousand to 
seventeen hundred feet above tide-water. The Taconic 



43 HUDSON RIVER. 

and Green Mountains of Western Massachusetts and Ver- 
mont are probably prolongations of the Blue Ridge. 

The second series of these ridges enters the State from 
Pennsylvania, and extending through Sullivan, Ulster, 
and Greene counties, terminate in the beautiful Catskills, 
a short distance west of the Hudson. 

The third series, passing through Broome, Delaware, 
Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery and Herkimer counties, 
reappears beyond the Mohawk, and there constitutes the 
Adirondac Mountains, among whose summits the Hudson 
finds its sources. 

The following sketch of the scenery of the Catskill re- 
gion is taken by permission from a work entitled 
The Catskill Mountains, and the Region Around ; 

their Scenery, Legends, and History. By Rev. Charles 

Rockwell, Dutch Dominie of the Catskills, etc., etc. 

New York : Taintor Brothers &* Co., Publishers, 229 

Broadway. 1867. 

" From the banks of the Hudson, a few miles into the 
country, may be seen, from different points of view, some 
of the most charming scenery in the world. Every turn 
in the road, every bend in the stream, presents new and 
attractive pictures, remarkable for beauty and diversity in 
outline, color, and aerial perspective. The solemn Katz- 
bergs, sublime in form, and mysterious in their dim, in- 
comprehensible, and ever-changing aspect, almost always 
form a prominent feature in the landscape. 

"The Indians called these mountains " Onti Ora," or 
" Mountains of the Sky ; " for, in some conditions of the 
atmosphere, they are said to appear like a heavy cumulose 
Eloud above the horizon. In the midst of this scenery, 
Cole, the eminent painter, delighted to linger when the 
thadows of the early morning were projected towards the 
mountains, then bathed in purple mists ; or at evening, 



HUDSON RIVER. 44 

when these lofty heights, then uark and awful, cast tneh 
deep shadows over more than half of the country below 
between their bases and the river. Charmed with Catskill 
and its vicinity, Cole made it at first a summer retreat, and 
finally his permanent residence ; and there, in a fine old 
family mansion, delightfully situated to command a full 
view of the mountains and the intervening country, his 
spirit passed from earth ; while a sacred poem, created by 
his wealthy imagination and deep religious sentiment, was 
finding expression upon his easel in a series of fine pic- 
tures like those of " The Course of Empire " and the 
" Voyage of Life." He entitled the series " The Cross 
and the World." Two of them were unfinished. One 
had found form in a " study " only, while the other was 
half finished upon the large canvas, with some figures 
sketched in white chalk. So they remain, just as the 
master left them ; and so remains his studio. It is regard- 
ed by his devoted widow as a place too sacred for the com- 
mon gaze. The stranger never enters it. 

The mountains rise abruptly from the plain on their 
eastern side, where the road that leads to the Mountain 
House enters them, and follows the margin of a deep, 
dark glen, through which flows a clear mountain stream, 
seldom seen by the traveller, but heard continually for 
nearly a«mile, as in swift rapids or in little cascades it hur- 
ries to the plain below. The road is winding, and in its 
ascent along the side of the glen, or, more properly, mag- 
nificent gorge, it is so inclosed by the towering heights on 
one side, and the lofty trees that shoot up on the other, 
that little can be seen beyond a few rods except the sky 
above or glimpses of some distant summit, until the pleas- 
ant nook in the mountain is reached wherein the Rip Van 
Winkle cabin is nestled. After that the course of the road 
is more nearly parallel with the river and the plain, and 



45 HUDSON RIVER. 

through frequent vistas glimpses may be caught of the 
country below that charm the eye, excite the fancy and 
imagination, and make the heart throb quicker and stronger 
with pleasurable emotions. Rip's cabin is a small, white 
building, with two rooms, where travellers formerly ob- 
tained refreshments ; and is at the head of the gorge along 
whose margin the traveller has ascended. It is so called 
because it stands within the amphitheatre, inclosed by 
lofty heights, reputed to be the place where the ghostly 
ninepin players held their revel ; and where Rip Van 
Winkle lay down to his long repose. From a rude spout 
by the cabin there pour cooling draughts from a mountain 
spring, more delicious than ever came from the juice of 
the grape. 

There are many delightful resting-places upon the road, 
soon after leaving Rip's cabin, as we toil wearily up the 
mountain, where the eye takes in a magnificent panorama 
of hill and valley, forest and river, hamlet and village, and 
thousands of broad acres, where herds graze and the farmer 
gathers his crops ; much of it dimly defined because of 
distance, a beautifully colored map rather than a picture. 
These delight the eye and quicken the pulse ; but there is 
one place upon the road where the ascending weary ones 
enjoy more exquisite pleasure, for a moment, than at any 
other point in all that mountain region. It is at a turn in 
the road where the Mountain House stands ; suddenly, 
before and above the traveller, revealed in perfect distinct- 
ness, column, capital, window, rock, people, — all appar- 
ently only a few rods distant. There too the road is level, 
and the traveller rejoices in the assurance that the toilsome 
journey is at an end, when suddenly, like the young pil- 
grim in Cule's " Voyage of Life," he finds himself disap- 
pointed in his course. The road that seemed to be lead- 
ing directly to that beautiful mansion upon the crag just 



HUDSON RIVER. 46 

above him turns away, like the stream that appeared to be 
taking the ambitious young man directly to the shadowy 
temple of fame in the clouds ; and many a weary step 
must be taken over a steep, crooked road before the trav- 
eller can reach the object of his journey. 

The grand rock platform on which the Mountain House 
stands is reached at last, and then comes the full recom- 
pense for all weariness. Bathed, immersed, in pure 
mountain air, almost three thousand feet above tide- 
water, full, positive, enduring rest is given to every mus- 
cle, after half an hour's respiration of that invigorating 
atmosphere, and soul and limb are ready for a longer, 
loftier, and more rugged ascent. There is something in- 
describable in the pleasure experienced during the first 
hour passed upon the piazza of the Mountain House, 
gazing upon the scene towards the east. That view has 
been described a thousand times. I shall not attempt it. 
Much rhetoric and rhyme, with sentimental platitudes, 
have been employed in describing it. 

The aerial pictures seen from the Mountain House are 
sometimes marvellous, especially during a shower in the 
plain, when all is sunshine above, while the lightning 
plays and the thunder rolls far below those upon the 
summits ; or after a storm, when mists are driving over 
the mountains, struggling with the wind and sun, or dis- 
solving in the pure air. At rare intervals an apparition, 
like the spectre of the Brocken, may be seen. A late 
writer, who was there during a summer storm, was fa- 
vored with the sight. The guests were in the parlor 
when it was announced that " the house was going past, 
on the outside." All rushed to the piazza ; and there, 
sure enough, upon a moving cloud more dense than the 
fog that enveloped the mountains, was a perfect picture 
of the great building, in colossal proportions. The mass 



47 HUDSON RIVER. 

of vapor was passing slowly from north to south, directly 
in front, at a distance apparently of two hundred feet from 
the house, and reflected the noble Corinthian columns 
which ornament the front of the building, every window, 
and all the spectators. The cloud moved on, and ere 
long we saw one pillar disappear, and then another. We, 
ourselves, who were expanded into giants in size, saw the 
gulf into which we were to enter and be lost. I almost 
shuddered when my turn came ; but there was no escap- 
ing my fate ; one side of my face was veiled, and in a 
moment the whole had passed like a dream. An instant 
before, and we were the inhabitants of a gorgeous palace ; 
but it was the "baseless fabric of a vision," and now 
there was left " not a wreck behind." 

Although the Mountain House is far below the higher 
summits of the range, yet portions of four States of the 
Union and an area of about ten thousand square miles 
are comprised in the scope of vision from its piazza 
From the top of the South Mountain, near and three 
hundred feet above the Mountain House, and of the 
North Mountain more distant and higher, a greater range 
of sight may be obtained, including part of a fifth State. 
The lakes, lying in a basin a short distance from the 
Mountain House, with all their grand surroundings, the 
house itself, the South Mountain, and the Roundtop or 
Liberty Cap, form the middle ground ; while in the dim 
distance the winding Hudson, with Esopus, Shawangunk, 
and the Highland ranges are revealed, the borders of 
rivers dotted with villas and towns, appearing mere white 
specks on the landscape. 

Two miles and a half from the Mountain House is an 
immense gorge scooped from the rugged hills, into which 
pours the gentle outlet of the Cauterskill Lakes, in a 
fall, first of one hundred and seventy-five feet, and close 



HUDSON RIVER. 48 

to it another of eighty feet. If the \isitor would enjoy 
one of the wildest and most romantic rambles in the 
world, let him follow that little stream in its way off the 
mountains, down the deep, dark, mysterious gorge, until 
it joins the Cauterskill proper, that rushes through the 
Clove from the neighborhood of Hunter, among the hills 
above, and thence onward to the plain. The tourist, if 
he fails to traverse the rugged gorge, should not omit a 
ride from the Mountain House, down through the Clove, 
to Palensville and the plain, a distance of eight miles. 
After leaving the falls and reaching the Clove, down, 
down, sometimes with only a narrow space between the 
base of a high mountain on one side and steep precipices 
on the other, whose feet are washed by the rushing Caut- 
erskill, our crooked road pursued its way, now passing a 
log house, now a pleasant cottage, and at length the ruins 
of a leather-manufacluring village, deserted because the 
bark upon the hills around, used for tanning, is exhausted. 
Near this picturesque scene the Cauterskill leaps into a 
seething gulf between the cleft rocks and flows gently on, 
to make still greater plunges into darker depths a short 
distance below. This cleft is called the " Fawn's Leap," 
a young deer having there escaped a hunter and his dog, 
that pursued to the verge of the chasm. The fawn leaped 
it; but the dog, attempting to follow, fell into the gulf 
below and was drowned. The foiled hunter went home 
without dog or game. By some, less poetical than others, 
the place is called the " Dog Hole." A few rods below 
the Fawn's Leap the road crosses a rustic bridge, at the 
foot of a sheer precipice, and for half a mile traverses a 
shelf cut from the mountain side, two hundred feet above 
the stream that has found its way into depths so dark as 
to be hardly visible. Upon the opposite side of the creek, 
a perpendicular wall rises many hundred feet > and then ; m 



49 HUDSON RIVER. 

slight inclination, the mountain towers up at least a thou- 
sand feet higher, and forms a portion of the range known 
as the South Mountain. At the mouth of this cavernous 
gorge lies the pretty little village of Palensville, where we 
again cross the stream, and in a few moments find our- 
selves upon a beautiful and highly cultivated plain. From 
this point, along the base of the mountains to the road 
by which we enter them, or more directly to Catskill, the 
drive is a delightful one. 

Note. — The following figures will perhaps, better than any description, 
convey some idea of the magnificence of the prospect from the Mountain 
House : 

Elevation above River 2,830 feet. 

Distance from the River by our line 8 miles. 

Distance from the River by Road 12 " 

Length of River in sight 65 

Extent of view, North 120 

" " South 80 " 

" East 60 " 

Making an area of 1,200 square miles of view. 

GAY'S 

GREENE COUNTY HOTEL, 

CATSKILL, 1ST. Y. 

THE ONLY STAGE HOUSE M TOWN* 

Omnibuses to and from the Boats and Cars. 

Heailparters for Lexington an! Delhi Stages. 

HOUSE OPEN ALL THE YEAR. 
PHILIP C, GAY, - - Proprietor. 



PROSPECT PARK HOTEL, 

CATSKI LL, N. Y. 



Situated on Prospect Hill, Catskill, overlooking the Hud- 
son in front and Mountains in the rear, with 1,200 feet river 
front, and 

18 ACRES OF GROUNDS, 

elegantly laid out, with abundance of Shade Trees, Shrub- 
bery, &c. 

House new, five stories high, with piazzas sixteen feet broad 
on three sides, two stories high. 

Furniture entirely neio throughout, with Gas and 

All the Modern Hotel Improvements, 

VIEW AXTD SCEEffERS' 

UNSUKPASSED IN THE WOELD. 
Mountain Air, Fine Drives, Boating, &c. 

Accessible by Hudson River Railway, Albany and New 
York Day Boats, and steamers Thomas Powell and New 
Champion, from foot of Franklin street, New York, every 
day at 5 o'clock P.M. 

Bgip Within jive minutes of H. R. R. Cars and Day Boats, 
and four hours of New York. 



Oipem. for Visitors, T^iaa.© 20, 1869. 

JOHN BREASTED, 

Proprietor. 



5o 



HUDSON RIVER. 



HUDSON. 

Hudson, Columbia County, N. Y. 

115 miles from New York. 

Hotels — Worth House, Mansion House. 

The City of Hudson is the capi- 
tal of Columbia County, and occu- 
pies a site of great beauty, being 
built upon a promontory jutting 
into the Hudson River, and com- 
manding the most extensive and 
charming views in every direction. 
The city extends up the slope of 
Prospect Hill, which rises to a 
height of 200 feet. The elevation 
just below Hudson Landing is 
Motint Merino. It is cultivated 
over almost its whole surface of 
600 acres. Hudson, being at the 
head of ship navigation, was of 
great importance in the early com- 
merce of the river, and it rapidly 
grew to be a place of considerable 
size and wealth. The Claverack 
Creek, a romantic stream, is a lit- 
tle east of Hudson, and running 
northward, joins other streams, 
forming Cohwibiaville Creek. 

The Hudson and Boston Rail- 
way has its western terminus here, 
and connects at Chatham with the 
Boston and Albany and Harlem 
Railways. 

ATHENS. 

Athens, Greene County, N. Y. 
115 miles from New York. 
This village, directly opposite 
Hudson, was originally fixed upon 



as the eastern terminus of the Erie 
Canal, but the project was aban- 
doned. The inhabitants are largely 
engaged in ship-building and brick- 
making. A branch of the New 
York Central Railway connects 
Athens with Schenectady, and has 
added much to its prosperity. 
Above Athens and Hudson, on the 
east side of the river, is Rogers' 1 
Island, behind which the shipping 
of New York merchants was con- 
cealed during the Revolutionary 
War. At that time the island was 
densely wooded, and formed an ef- 
fectual screen. 

The ill-fated steamer Swallow 
was lost just off Athens. 

COLTJMBIAVILLE. 

Stock/ort, Colu7nbia County, N. Y. 
119 miles from New York. 

On the west side of the river is 
a promontory, with a light-house 
tower, which old river pilots call 
" Chaney Tinker," but which is 
now known as Four-mile Point. 

Directly opposite to this is the 
mouth of Columbiaville Creek, on 
which, a short distance from the 
river, are large flannel mills. 

COXSACKIE. 

Coxsackie, Greene County, N. Y. 

123 miles from New York. 

This village is on the west side 

of the river. Its name is derived 

from an Indian word signifying 

"cut banks." The chief occupa- 



HUDSON RIVER. 



51 



tions of the inhabitants are ship- 
building, farming, and fishing. The 
headland nearly opposite is New- 
to%un Hook. A mile below Cox- 
sackie are the extensive vineyards 
of Mr. Ezra Fitch. 

STUYVESANT. 

Stuyvesant, Columbia County, N. Y. 
125 miles fro7n New York. 
Formerly Kinderhook Landing. 
The village of Kinderhook is 4 
miles inland. Ex-President Martin 
Van Bur en lived there for many 
years before his death. 

NEW BALTIMOEE. 

New Baltimore, Albany County, N. Y. 
127 miles from New York. 
The chief business of this place 
is ship-building. There are several 
yards with complete sets of ways, 
etc. Schooners, sloops, and barges 
are the craft which are built. 

SCHODAC. 

Schodac, Rensselaer Cou7ity, N. Y. 
132 miles from New York. 

A small village on the east bank 
of the river. Good farming lands 
lie along the river, and the sur- 
rounding region is a pleasant rolling 
country. The name is of Indian 
origin, signifying "a meadow." 

COEY MAW'S. 

Coeyman's, Albany County, N. Y. 

132 miles fro7ii New York. 
This village is on the west bank 



of the river. Its name (pronounced 
Que-mans) is that of one of its early 
settlers. The range of mountains 
seen to the westward are the He I- 
derbergs. 

A little below Coeyman's, near 
the west shore, is a high rocky island 
on which the boundaries of four 
counties meet, namely, Albany, 
Greene, Columbia, and Rensselaer. 
This island was named by the Dutch 
Beeren, or Bear Island ; and on its 
summit once stood the "Castle" 
of Rensselaerstein, from whose wall 
Nicholas Koorn, the agent of Kil- 
lian Van Rensselaer, the Patroon, 
compelled passing vessels to dip 
their colors and pay tribute, or take 
the chances of being sunk by the 
ordnance of the fort. An amus- 
ing account of the whole difficulty 
between Governor Kieft of New 
Amsterdam, and the Patroon, is 
given in "Knickerbocker's" His- 
tory of New York. 

CASTLETON". 

Schodac, Rensselaer Co., N. Y. 
135 miles front New York. 

A small and compact village, 
built upon a steep hillside on the 
eastern bank of the river. The 
domes and spires of Albany, 9 miles 
distant, may be seen from this point. 

Castleton Bar, formerly known 
as the Overslaugh, has always been 
a serious impediment to navigation 
at this point. As early as 1790, 



52 



HUDSON RIVER. 



State appropriations were made for 
the purpose of improving the chan- 
nel, but all efforts were unavailing 
until the present system of dykes 
was commenced. A. Van Sant- 
voord, Esq., of Albany, President 
of the Day Line of New York and 
Albany Steamers, and other promi- 
nent citizens of Albany and Troy, 
had the subject brought before the 
State Legislature, and work was 
begun in 1863. In 1868 the U. S. 
Government assumed the work of 
completing the dykes, and they 
may now be seen stretching for 
several miles along the river, effec- 
tually accomplishing the purpose for 
which they were intended. 

GREENBUSH, 

Greenhush, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., 
144 miles from New York, 

Is situated on the east side of the 



river opposite to Albany. Its pop- 
ulation is largely made up of em- 
ployes on the great railway lines 
which meet here from all parts of 
the Eastern States and from New 
York. 

Along the river bank, both above 
and below the village proper, are 
handsome houses, and many pleas- 
ant-looking villas and cottages may 
be seen on the high bluff which rises 
beyond the alluvial flats that border 
the river. 

Greenbush is a translation of the 
old Dutch name, which was doubt- 
less appropriate in its day. During 
the French War in 1755, Green- 
bush was a military rendezvous, and 
again in 18 12 the United States Gov- 
ernment established extensive bar- 
racks whence troops were forwarded 
to the Canadian frontier. 



HUDSON RIVER. 



53 



Albany. 



Albany County, N. V.' 

144 miles from Neiv York. 

Hotels — Delctvan, Stcuiwix, Congress Hall, and City Hotel. 



THIS city lies upon the west bank 
of the Hudson River, near the 
middle of the county, and embraces 
a strip of land about one mile wide, 
extending thirteen and a half miles 
in a northwest direction, to the 
northern boundary of the county. 
Before incorporation it was known 
under the names of " Beverwyck," 
4 'William Stadt," and "New 
Orange." The seat of the State 
Government, originally fixed at New 
York City, was removed to this 
place in 1798. The early growth 
of the city was exceedingly slow ; its 
population numbering less than 10,- 
000 at the end of a century from 
its incorporation, which was in 1686. 
In 1 7 14, when a century old, it 
contained only 3,329 inhabitants, 
nearly 500 of whom were slaves. 
Steam navigation, originated by 
Fulton on the Hudson in 1807, and 
the completion of the Erie Canal 
in 1825, each gave powerful impul- 
ses to its growth, and in less than 



half a century it added more than 
50,000 to its population. In 1865, 
the census report shows about 63,- 
000. The whole city, comprised 
within the limits of Pearl, Steuben, 
and Beaver Streets, in 1676, was 
surrounded by wooden walls, with 
openings for musketry. There 
were six gates to the city, and the 
maintenance of these fragile defen- 
ces was the source of unceasing con- 
tention between the authorities and 
the inhabitants. A portion of these 
walls were remaining so late as 18 12; 
they were thirteen feet in height, 
and made of timber about a foot 
square. The city has many hand- 
some avenues, and the walks and 
drives about the city are exceedingly 
beautiful. A walk of half a mile from 
the city brings to view the verdure- 
clad mountains of Vermont and the 
towering Catskills. The first rail- 
road in the State of New York, and 
the second in the United States, was 
opened from Albany to Schenecta- 



54 



HUDSON RIVER. 



dy in 1 83 1. The commerce of 
Albany is very considerable. 

COMMUNICATIONS. 

Besides the great natural means 
of communication which the river 
affords, the city is connected with 
New York by two lines of railroad, 
the Hudson River and the Harlem. 
The New York Central Railroad 
and the Erie Canal connect it with 
the Great Lakes. Through Troy it 
communicates with Northern New 
York, Vermont, and Canada by the 
Rensselaer &> Saratoga and Troy 
6° Boston railways, and by the 
Champlain Canal. By the Boston 
dr 5 Albany Railway, it communi- 
cates with the New England States, 
and by the Albany &= Susquehanna 
Railway with Binghamton and the 
coal regions of Pennsylvania. 

TRADE AND MANUFACTURES. 

The manufactures are extensive 
and varied. Its numerous stove 
founderies and breweries are on an 
immense scale. Seventy thousand 
barrels of ale are made annually at 
one brewery. The workshops of 
the Central Railroad give employ- 
ment to more than one thousand 
persons. Its other manufactures 
are varied and extensive. The sales 
of barley amount to more than 2,- 
000,000 bushels per annum, most 
of which is consumed by the brew- 
ers. Lumber is another very im- 



portant article of trade. Albany 
is also one of the leading cattle- 
marts of the country. The markets 
at Bull's Head in New York, and 
at Brighton, near Boston, receive a 
large portion of their supplies from 
here. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

The State hdldings include the 
Capitol, State Hall, State Library, 
Geological and Agricultural Hall, 
Normal School, and State Arsenal 
and Armory. The City Hall is an 
elegant structure, faced with Sing 
Sing marble, and surmounted by a 
gilded dome. The Albany Ex- 
change, a massive granite building, 
is situated on Broadway, at the foot 
of State Street, and contains the 
Post-office. 

INSTITUTIONS. 

Besides Public Schools, the Edu- 
cational Institutions are the Albany 
Academy, Albany Fe?nale Acade- 
my, Albany Female Semina?y, 
Albany Institute, and the Albany 
I?idustrial School. The public 
schools afford instruction to 20,000 
children of both sexes, and are con- 
ducted at an annual expense of $50,- 
000. There are two Christian 
Associations, Protestant and Cath- 
olic, the former being the oldest in- 
stitution of the kind in the United 
States. The Dudley Observatory, 
on an eminence in the northern bor- 
der of the city, was incorporated 



HUDSON RIVER. 



55 



April 2, 1852 ; it was founded 
through, the munificence of Mrs. 
Blandina Dudley, who gave $90,- 
000 for its construction and endow- 
ment. The building, constructed 
in the form of a cross, is admirably 
arranged, and is furnished with 
some of the largest and finest in- 
struments ever constructed. It has 
an extensive library attached. The 
Albany Medical College and the 
Law School of the University of 
Albany are on Eagle Street, and 
have all the facilities for teaching 
the respective sciences. The Albany 
Almshouse, Insa7ie Asylum, and a 
Fever Hospital are located upon a 
farm of 116 acres, one and a half 
miles southwest of the city, and are 
under the management of the city 
authorities. The Industrial School 
building is located on the same 
farm. The Albany City Hospital, 
on Eagle Street, was incorporated 
in 1849. The Albany Orphan Asy- 
lum, on Washington Street, at the 
junction of the Western Turnpike, 
was incorporated it 1831 ; it was 
erected, as was the City Hospital, 
by private subscription ; it is now 
aided by State funds. The St. Vin- 
cent Orphan Asylum, incorporated 
in 1849, is under the charge of the 
Sisters of Mercy. The male depart- 
ment, two miles west of the Capi- 
tol, is under the charge of the 
Christian Brothers. 



CHURCHES. 

The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) 
was formed in 1640. A Lutheran 
Church existed in 16S0. The first 
Protestant Episcopal Church (St. 
Peter's) was erected in 1715 ; it 
stood in the centre of State Street, 
opposite Chapel Street. . The com- 
munion plate of this churgh was 
presented to the Onondagas by 
Queen Anne. The most costly 
edifices are the Catholic Cathedral 
of the Immaculate Conception, cor- 
ner of Eagle and Lydius Streets, and 
the St. Joseph's (R. C.) Church. 
In 1858 there were forty-eight 
churches in the city. 

Water is supplied to the city from 
Rensselaer Lake, about five miles 
west of the City Hall, and 225 feet 
above the level of the water of the 
Hudson. This lake covers thirty- 
nine acres, and its capacity is 180,- 
000,000 gallons. A brick conduit 
conveys the water to Bleecker Res- 
ervoir, on Patroon Street, whence it 
is distributed through the city. This 
reservoir has a capacity of 30,000,- 
000 gallons. The cost of the con- 
struction of these works was up- 
wards of $1,000,000. 

An important event in the recent 
history of Albany was the construc- 
tion of the railroad bridge over the 
Hudson. It was completed in 
March, 1866. The total length of 
this bridge is now 4,009 feet, or 



56 



* HUDSON RIVER. 



over three-fourths of a mile. The 
approaches consist of embankments 
and masonry, leaving the bridge 
proper 2,016 feet in length. It has 
twenty spans — three over the Al- 
bany basin, each 66 feet in length ; 
six across the river, two of which 
form the draw, 112 feet each, and 
the other four fixed spans, 172 feet 
each. The remaining eleven ex- 
tend across the flats, and are 66 



feet each, except one of 71 feet. 
Its height is 30 feet above ordinary 
summer tide level. Piers are of 
cut stone, quarried at Amsterdam 
and Tribe's Hill, on the line of the 
New York Central Railway, and 
from Kingston, on the Hudson 
River, in Ulster County. The su- 
perstructure is of iron, sufficiently 
wide for two tracks. Its cost has 
been $1, 150*000* 




Albany, N. Y. f 

(Corner of Broadway and Maiden Lane.) 



FlRST-C 



Every R 



IRST-LLASS IN tVERY RESPECT 



HOTEL OMNIBUS TO AND FROM THE 
RAILROADS AND STEAMBOATS. 



DELAVAN PECK, Proprietor. 




Delavan House, 

ALBANY, N. T. 

Charles E. Leland, Proprietor. 

Clarendon Hotel, 

SARATOGA SPRINGS, Jf. Y. 



This Hotel is beautifully situated on Broadway, opposite 
Congress Grove, with the Washington or Champagne Spring 
on its grounds. Its apartments are spacious, and elegantly 
furnished. , 

OPENED FOR THE RECEPTION OF GUESTS 
JUNE ist. 

Rooms may be secured by addressing, Delavan House, 
Albany, or the proprietor, 

CHARLES E. LELAND, 

Saratoga Springs, JT. F. 



AMERICAN HOTEL 



Saratoga Springs, Sew lor! 



This Hotel is situated on B"ROAI}WAY, in the 

centre of the BUSINESS PORTION OF THE 
VILLAGE, and near the 

CELEBRATED CONGRESS SPRING AND PARK. 

The house is a brick edifice, having a frontal of 220 feet on 
Broadway, and contains the 

MODERN IMPROVEMENTS 

In Hotel conveniences, and will accommodate about 

THREE HUNDRED GUESTS. 

ITS APARTMENTS ARE 

LARGE, COMMODIOUS, AND ELEGANTLY FURNISHED, 

And many of them are arranged especially for the 

Accommodation of Families 

AND 

PRIVATE PARTIES. 

♦ 

OPEN ALL THE YEAR, 
WILLIAM H. McOAFFEET, 

Proprietor. 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 57 



Rensselaer & Saratoga 
Railroad. 

Troy to Rutland, via Saratoga Springs, 95 miles. 
Schenectady to Rutland, 85 " 

Troy to Rutland, via Eagle Bridge, 85 " 

Under this name are associated six different Railway Com- 
panies, all under one control and management. 

These are the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, extending 
from Troy to Ballston, 25 miles ; the Saratoga & Schenectady 
Railroad, from Schenectady to Saratoga, 22 miles; the Albany & 
Vermont Railroad, from Albany to Albany Junction, 12 miles; 
the Saratoga & Whitehall and the Rutland & Whitehall Rail- 
roads, from Saratoga to Castleton, 54 miles ; and the Troy, 
Salem, & Rutland Railroad, from Eagle Bridge to Rutland, 62: 
miles. 

It will be seen, by reference to the map, that these associa- 
ted roads form portions of the great direct through routes from 
New York to Montreal, by the way of the valleys of the Hudson 
River and Lake Champlain. 

This route also forms the avenue to the popular watering- 
places of Ballston, Saratoga, and Lake George,, and is the great 
thoroughfare of summer pleasure travel. 

In going North from Albany and Troy the- road affords two 
routes — one by way of Saratoga Springs, and one by way of Eagle 
Bridge ; and passengers wishing to go. to Rutland or, all the way 
by rail, to Burlington and beyond, can take either route to suit 
their convenience or choice ; but travelers for Lake George or 
Whitehall, and the Lake Champlain. steamer, route,, must go via 
Saratoga Springs. 



58 RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 

Y ox Lake George, passengers change cars at Fort Edward, and 
at Glens Falls take stages for Caldwell, at the head of Lake 
George, from whence steamers run down the Lake to Ticonde- 
roga and connect (by a stage route of four miles) with the Lake 
Champlain steamers. 

Travelers not wishing to go via Lake George can make the 
connection direct with the Lake Champlain steamers at White- 
hall, and avoid the stage rides and changes at Glens Falls, Cald- 
well, and Ticonderoga. 

By continuing through to Rutland, the route to Burlington is 
made all the way by rail. 

CONNECTIONS. 

At Albany the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, besides its 
'connections with the various lines of Hudson River steamers, 
■-connects also with the Hudson River and the Harlem Railways for 
New York ; with the Boston & Albany Railway for Boston ; 
with the Albany & Susquehanna Railway for Binghamton, and 
with the New York Central Railway. 

At Troy connections are made with steamers on the river with 
the Hudson River and Harlem Railways, the Troy & Boston 
Railway, and the New York Central. 

At Schenectady the Schenectady branch from Saratoga and 
Ballston connects with the New York Central Railway. The 
connection at this point is the most convenient one for travelers 
going West or coming from the West. 

At Saratoga Springs the Adirondack Railroad connects for 
Luzerne, and Warrensburg, and points reached from those 
places. 

At Fort Edward the Glens Falls Branch connects with 
Glens Falls, forming a part of the Lake George route above men- 
tioned, — a route much patronized in the season of summer travel. 

At Whitehall direct connection is made with Lake Cham- 
plain, another great thoroughfare of summer travel. 

A tiRutland both branches of this road intersect the Rutland 
.Railroad for Burlington and all points North, and for Bellows Falls 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



59 



and the White Mountains, and points East. The Rutland & 
Bennington R. R. also connects at this point — running South. 

These numerous connections give to the Rensselaer & Sara- 
toga R„ R. the character of a great trunk route, and make it per- 
haps the most important of the Northern routes. 

Having connections with steamer lines, both North and 
South, it derives therefrom important advantages both forfreight 
and passenger traffic not possessed by any other route between 
New York and Montreal. 



ALBANY RURAL CEMETERY. 

Watervliet, Albany Co., N. Y. 
148 Miles from New York. 

One of the most beautiful rural 
cemeteries in the country, abounding 
in romantic dells, shaded ravines, 
cascades, miniature lakes, rustic 
bridges over forest streams, &c. It 
is a place of rare picturesque beauty. 

WEST TROY. 

Watervliet, Albany Co., N. Y. 
150 Miles from New York. 

This place has important manu- 
factories of woolen goods, bells, 
carriages, and various other articles. 
An extensive United States Arsenal, 
consisting of more than thirty build- 
ings of brick and stone, is located 
here. Itsgrounds occupy about one 
hundred acres. It is the principal 
government manufactory of gun-car- 
riages, machinery, equipments, am- 
munition, and military supplies. 



COHOES. 

Watervliet, Albany Co., N. Y. 
153 Miles from New York. 

An important manufacturing vil- 
lage on the Mohawk. An exten- 
sive dam creates an immense water- 
power here, comprising the whole 
body of the Mohawk River, with a 
total descent of 103 feet. The rail- 
road bridge across the Mohawk is 
900 feet in length, and is in full 
view of the Cohoes Falls, about 
three-fourths of a mile above. The 
river here flows over a rocky declivi- 
ty 78 feet in height, of which 40 
feet is a perpendicular fall. The 
main fall is 900 feet wide, and the 
banks above and below are wild and 
precipitous. The Erie Canal rises 
by a series of 18 locks from the 
Hudson River, through the village 
of Cohoes, to the northerly part of 
the town of Watervliet, three miles 
above, at which point it crosses the 



6o 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



river in a stone aqueduct, 1,137 feet 
long, 26 feet high, and resting on 
26 piers. The products of the knit- 
ting and cotton mills, axe and edge 
tool, and other factories, amount to 
over $2,000,000 per annum. In re- 
cent excavations made in the rocky 
bank of the Mohawk, for the foun- 
dation of a new mill, the fossil re- 
mains of a gigantic mastodon were 
discovered. The Harmony Mills 
Co. of Cohoes have liberally donated 
this interesting relic of the earth's 
ancient history to the State collec- 
tion at Albany. It is considered as 
the most perfect skeleton, of the 
mastodon ever discovered. 

WATERFORD. 

Waterford, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 
154 Miles from Neiu York. 
Hotel, Morgan House. 
This township was formed from 
that of Half Moon in 1816. It oc- 



cupies the angle formed by the con- 
fluence of the Hudson and Mohawk 
rivers, the village itself being near 
the point where the two unite. An 
almost perpendicular range of slate 
cliffs extends along the Mohawk for 
some distance from its mouth. Falls 
in both rivers furnish an excellent 
water-power. 

The Hudson River was bridged at 
this point in 1804. The original 
bridge, however, was removed in 
18 12, and the present structure 
erected in its place. 

ALBANY JUNCTION. 

Waterford, Saratoga County, N. Y. 
156 miles from New York. 

At this place the Albany division 
unites with the main road from Troy. 
The railroad now runs along be- 
tween the Champlain Canal and the 
Hudson River, on an interval about 
half a mile in width for several miles, 



GREAT EMPORIUM 

FOIt 

STEREOSCOPES . AND "VIEWS 

OF ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, 

Photographic Albums, and Photographic Materials, 

E. Sl H. T. ANTHONY & CO., 

591 Hroadway, New York, opposite Metropolitan Hotel. 

CHROMOS. 

These beautiful pictures, that cannot be distinguished from the finest Oil Paintings, 
at one-tenth their cost, we import largely from Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna, ana 
Home, and supply the trade at the lowest rates* 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



61 



Troy. 



Rensselaer County, N. Y. 

150 miles from Neiu York. 

Hotels — A merican House, Troy House, and Mansion House. 



This city is principally located 
upon an alluvial flat three-fourths 
of a mile wide, between the Hud- 
son River and the high bluffs which 
bound it on the east. The bluff di- 
rectly east of the city is known as 
Mount Ida, and that on the north- 
east as Mount Olympus. Mount 
Ida is principally composed of clay, 
and has been the scene of several 
destructive land-slides. Poesten 
Kil and Wynant's Kil, breaking 
through these hills in narrow ra- 
vines, form a series of cascades 
which afford an excellent water- 
power. The city charter was grant- 
ed April 12, 1816. A terrible fire 
in 1862 destroyed forty acres of its 
dwellings, which, with the other 
property destroyed, amounted to 
not less than $3,000,000, half being 
covered by insurance. The present 
population is about 40,000. 

The city contains a very hand- 
some court-house of Sing Sing mar- 
ble, wide and well-paved streets, 



planted with shade-trees, extensive 
water-works, gas-works, and ether 
improvements usual in a prosperous 
modern city. The Troy water- 
works were built by the city in 
1833-1834, and have since been ex- 
tended. The water is drawn from 
Piscawin Creek, and the reservoir is 
sufficiently high td raise it to the 
top of most of the houses. 

MANUFACTURES. 

There are twenty-two factories 
operated by water-power, a part of 
which is afforded by a dam thrown 
across the Hudson, which also ren- 
ders the river above navigable for 
canal-boats. Numerous iron-foun- 
dries and machine-shops afford em- 
ployment to large numbers of the 
inhabitants. Some of these are of 
great magnitude, and in the aggre- 
gate employ 3,000 men. The estab- 
lishment of Messrs. Winslow, Gris- 
wold & Holley, where the Bessemer 
cast-steel is manufactured, is the 



62 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



largest of the kind in the United 
States. The famous original " Moni- 
tor " was constructed by these gen- 
tlemen ; they also had a contract 
subsequently to build six other iron- 
clad vessels. The Troy horseshoe, 
railroad-spike, and nail manufactory 
is one of the largest in the State. 
The manufacture of cotton and 
woolen goods is also conducted on a 
large scale. The railway-car manu- 
factory here is the largest in the 
State. Paper, hosiery, carriages, 
clothing, shirts, collars, mathemati- 
cal instruments, &c, are largely 
manufactured. Breweries, distiller- 
ies, flour and grist mills, are many 
in number and extensive in opera- 
tion. 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The educational institutions, be- 
sides the public schools, are the Troy 
Academy, incorporated in 1834; the 
Troy Female Sepiinary, first estab- 
lished at Middlebury, Vt., in 18 13, 
removed to Waterford in 1 819, and 
thence to this place in 182 1, incor- 
porated in 1837. This institution 
gained a national reputation under 
the charge of Mrs. Emma Willard. 
Upwards of 7,000 pupils have been 
educated here. The Rensselaer Po- 
lytechnic Institute, organized in 
1824, was endowed by Stephen Van 
Rensselaer. It was formed for the 
purpose of teaching the application 



of mathematics to civil engineering 
and the natural sciences. Next to 
West Point this institute has the best 
reputation in its special departments 
of any school in America. The Troy 
Lyceum of Natural History was in- 
corporated in 1820. St. Peter's 
College is built on Mount St. Vin- 
cent. The college building, in pro- 
cess of erection, was destroyed by 
a land-slide in 1859 : has since been 
rebuilt. St. "Joseph's Academy was 
founded in 1842. 

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

The Troy Hospital, in the care 
of the Sisters of Charity, was in- 
corporated in 1 85 1. The Marshall 
Infirmary, incorporated in 185 1, 
was built at an expense of $35,000, 
which was donated by Benj. Mar- 
shall, Esq. The Tr-oy Orphan Asy- 
lum, incorporated in 1835, situated 
on Grand Division street, is built of 
brick, and supported by private do- 
nations and State appropriations. 
Children between three and nine 
years are received, and dismissed at 
ten, when suitable situations can 
be obtained. St. Mary's Orphan 
Asylum, connected with St. Mary's 
Church (R. C), is under the care of 
the Christian Brothers and Sisters 
of Charity. The Warren Free In- 
stitute, a school for indigent female 
children, was incorporated in 1846. 
It was endowed by the Warren 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



6$ 



family. A free church for the 
pupils and their parents is con- 
nected with the Institute. 

COMMUNICATIONS. 

Being situated at the head of 
tidal waters, steamers run daily up 
and down the river. Besides the 
Hudson River, the Erie Canal, and 
the Champlain, giving water com- 
munication of vast extent, railroads 
connect the city with every part of 
the country. The Union Railway 
Depot is a magnificent building, and 
was built for the joint accommoda- 
tion of the four great railroads that 
centre here, viz. : the Hudson River, 
the New York Central (uniting at 
Schenectady with the other branch 
from Albany), the Rensselaer & 
Saratoga, and the Troy & Boston 
Railways, the two latter running 
northerly through Eastern New 
York and Western Vermont, and 
connecting with roads to Burling- 
ton, Montreal, &c. On the com- 
pletion Of the great Hoosic Tunnel 
the Troy & Boston Railway will 
form a direct route to Boston. 

GREEN ISLAND. 

Watervliet, Albany Co., N. Y. 
151 Miles from New York. 

This island is about one mile 

long and half a mile wide ; it lies in 

the Hudson River, its upper end 

being opposite to the mouth of the 

Mohawk River. The surface of the 



island is generally level. Most of 
the buildings which stand upon it 
are railroad machine-shops or fac- 
tories of some kind. The lower 
end of the island is opposite the city 
of Troy, with which it is connected 
by bridges. The track of the 
Rensselaer & Saratoga Railway 
runs from end to end of the island. 
The island was occupied as a camp- 
ing ground during the revolution 
by the Americans under General 
Gates. 

MECHANICSVILLE. 

Stillwater, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 
162 Miles from New York. 

An incorporated village, lying 
partly in Half Moon, but principal- 
ly in Stillwater. It has an exten- 
sive linen thread manufactory. 
Population in i860, 1, 1 1 1. The 
township of Stillwater contains the 
battle-grounds of " Bemis Heights," 
where the engagements were fought 
which resulted in the surrender of 
General Burgoyne to General Gates 
in 1777. 

ROUND LAKE STATION. 

Malta, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 

Near this station is a large and 
beautiful grove in which camp meet- 
ings of the Methodist Church are 
annually held. The village and 
lake of the same name are about 
one mile east of the station. 



64 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



BALLSTON SPA. 

Milton, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 
175 Miles from New York. 

Hotel — Sans Souci. 
This village has long been cele- 
brated for its mineral springs, and 
it was formerly a famous place of 
summer resort for invalids until its 
attractions became somewhat over- 
shadowed by those of Saratoga. Its 
waters are very similar to those of 
the Saratoga springs. The Lithia 
Spring, recently discovered, is very 
highly recommended by medical 
men and by invalids who have tried 



the effects of its waters, which 
are strongly impregnated. Bena- 
jah Douglas, grandfather of the 
Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, in 1792 
built a log-house near the " Old 
Spring" for the accommodation of 
invalids, &c. The Sans Souci Ho- 
tel is an old and popular resort for 
visitors during the summer months. 
From Ballston Spa a branch of 
the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. 
runs to Schenectady, connecting 
with the New York Central R. R. 
for Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and 
points West. 



For continuation of main line of R. &° S. R. R., see page 6j. 



Cor. Broadway & Division St., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 




This House is entirely new, with gas and bells in each room, elegantly furnished, 
and admirably located for the convenience of visitors. It will accommodate 250 
guests, and in all its appointments ranks as a first class Hotel. 

OPEN ALL THE YEAR. 

A. & D. SNYDER, PROPRIETORS, 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA, 



65 



SCHENECTADY BRANCH OF RENSSELAER & SARATOGA R. R. 



Schenectady. 

Schenectady County, N. Y. 

17 Miles from Albany. 22 Miles from Saratoga Springs. From Buffalo, 281. 

Hotels— Given? t Carley (late Eagle). 



The site of this city is a tract pur- 
chased from the Indians by the agent 
of the Rensselaer estate. The set- 
tlement was commenced in 166 1. 
It is situated on the Mohawk, and 
on the borders of one of the finest 
intervales in the State. In 1690 it 
contained eighty houses. On the 
8th of February in that year, about 
three hundred French and Indians 
entered the palisades which sur- 
rounded the city at the unguarded 
portals, and fired the dwellings, and 
attacked the slumbering inmates. 
Most of the dwellings were de- 
stroyed; and the inhabitants who 
were not carried off, rushing from 
their beds to escape the savages, 
perished in the snow. Only a few 
reached Albany, the nearest shelter. 
In 1795 Schenectady was made the 
headquarters of the " Western Na- 
vigation Company," organized to 
navigate the Mohawk River to 
Oneida Lake. It was incorporated 
as a city in 1798. 



TRADE AND MANUFACTURES. 

Besides a considerable amount of 
trade, which is now carried on here by 
means of the canal and the railways 
which centre here, the people are 
largely engaged in various manufac- 
tures, among which are included 
machinery, cotton, carriages, agri- 
cultural implements, and various 
utensils, implements, &c. The en- 
gine-houses and repair-shops of the 
N. Y. Central Railroad Co. are very 
extensive, and one of the largest lo- 
comotive manufactories in the coun- 
try is located here. This is a great 
market for broom corn, a staple 
product of the valley. 

UNION COLLEGE, 

Incorporated in 1795, was first 
erected in the city, but now graces 
an eminence on its eastern bounda- 
ry, and commands a fine view for 
many miles up and down the Mo- 
hawk valley. The first college build- 
ing was erected in 1 8 14. It is large- 



66 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



ly endowed by grants from the [ 
State, and by private contributions. 
The college has attained a high 
reputation under the presidency of 
Dr. Nott, and its present president 
Dr. Hickok. Aid is furnished to 
students of limited means from the 
State fund, without reference to 
what profession they propose to 
follow. Through the liberality of 
E. C. Delavan, Esq., the " Wheat- 
ley Collection" of minerals and 
shells was secured for the college at 
a cost of $10,000. A department 
of civil engineering and analytical 



chemistry has been organized, af- 
fording ample facilities in this di- 
rection. Union College is the alma 
?nater of the Hon. W. H. Seward, 
and many other distinguished states- 
men, and men of science and let- 
ters. The public schools are well 
conducted. 

The Vale Cemetery Association 
was organized in 1858. The ceme- 
tery contains fifty acres, and is lo- 
cated in a beautiful vale on the bor- 
der of the city. It is covered with 
native pines, and is tastefully laid 
out and ornamented. 




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RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



67 



Saratoga Springs, 



Saratoga Springs, Saratoga Co., N". Y. 
18.2 Miles from New York. 



The village of Saratoga Springs 
is approached by rail from the 
south-west, and but little of the 
village can be seen from the rail- 
road. It is somewhat irregularly- 
laid out, and many of its streets are 
pleasantly shaded. The land on 
which the village proper stands is 
sufficiently level to render all parts 
of the place easy of access on foot 
or in a carriage, and yet is broken 
into low, rolling hills, so that the mo- 
notony of a dead level is pleasantly 
relieved. The population is about 
8,000 during the winter, and rather 
more than double that number at 
almost any given time during the 
summer. Saratoga County, near 
the centre of which are the Springs, 
is bounded on the south and east by 
the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, 
along whose banks are a variety of 
picturesque drives leading through 
scenery, interesting from its intrinsic 
beauty as well as for its historic as- 
sociations. 



Near the central part of the vil« 
lage, and overlooked by many of the 
principal buildings and hotels, is a 
shallow valley, beneath which, deep 
in the bowels of the earth, is one of 
the most wonderful of Nature's la- 
boratories. There she prepares 
solutions of various medicinal and 
mineral substances with a subtle 
power of combination which no 
chemistry has been able successfully 
to imitate, and sends the different 
solutions to the surface of the earth 
by channels which reach the light 
within a few rods of one another, 
yet discharge waters distinct in their 
constituents, various in their medi- 
cinal effects, and uniform in their 
temperature, quantity, and curative 
powers from year to year. 

We cannot wonder that, -in an 
age which believed in a plurality of 
gods, mineral springs were regarded 
with mingled fear and veneration. 
We have very ancient accounts of 
such springs, which were valued for 



68 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



their natural and worshipped for 
their supernatural properties. Greek 
and Roman, and even Hebrew and 
Chaldaic writers, mention charmed 
fountains whose waters cured dis- 
ease and almost restored the dead 
to life. The fabled fountain of 
eternal youth doubtless had its ori- 
gin in the bubbling waters of some 
mineral spring, as well as in the 
fancy of the poet who first gave it 
a name. Even in the time of our 
Saviour, the Pool of Bethesda had 
a wide celebrity, and was visited by 
invalids from all Palestine. In 
those days the agitation of the 
water was ascribed to the miracu- 
lous presence of an angel, and su- 
perstition probably added the belief 
that only the first person who bathed 
in the water after its agitation would 
experience beneficial effects. 

To the modern traveler the 
springs of Europe are well known. 
Some of them have been used medi- 
cinally for centuries, and still retain 
unchanged the qualities which have 
made them famous. We may, there- 
fore, fairly infer that the Saratoga 
waters will prove a blessing to 
" countless generations yet unborn," 
as they have to ourselves and to our 
forefathers. 

It is impossible to know or ascer- 
tain when the High Rock Spring 
was first discovered by the Indians. 
That it was known to them and used 
with superstitious reverence long 



before a white man tasted its waters, 
there is no doubt. 

THE HIGH ROCK SPRING. 

This spring, it is believed, is the 
first which was discovered in this 
vicinity. The peculiar formation 
which gives it its name early at- 
tracted the attention of Indian hunt- 
ers, and the white pioneers of Amer- 
ican civilization were not long in 
learning from them that it possessed 
valuable qualities. The water has 
built a curb for itself, the foundations 
of which must have been laid when 
the continent was in its infancy. The 
water being impregnated with par- 
ticles of mineral substances, proba- 
bly at first saturated the ground 
about the outlet of the spring. As 
the water evaporated, a species of 
rock was formed by the com- 
mingling of earth and mineral ; suc- 
cessive though almost impercepti- 
ble deposits overlaid this formation, 
and in the course of ages the foun- 
dation of pure mineral substances 
was laid ; and the water continuing 
to flow over its surface, gradually 
built up the present curious rock, 
which is 3^ feet high, and 23 feet 
4 inches in circumference. There 
is an Indian tradition that many 
years ago the water ceased to flow 
over the rock, owing to the dis- 
pleasure of the Great Spirit. The 
water, however, remained within 
reach from the top, and the over- 






RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



6 9 



flow probably found a way of escape 
through cracks which eventually 
have been stopped by deposits from 
the water. Man, however, took it 
upon himself to assist nature, and 
in 1866 an excavation was made be- 
low the rock. Immediately under the 
rock was a tree-trunk 18 inches in 
diameter, still preserving its shape, 
but not very firm in its texture. Di- 
rectly below the outlet was a cavity 
some ten feet deep, in which were 
found a large number of tumblers, 
cups, &c, which had, in the course 
of years, slipped from careless hands 
and been lost. The water was 
traced to the point at which it issued 
from the solid rock, tubes were set 
to bring it pure from its source, and 
now the High Rock is a favorite 
resort for visitors. A pagoda has 
been erected over the spring, and a 
bottling-house near by contains the 
usual apparatus for preparing the 
water for foreign markets. It is 
said that the first white man who 
used these waters was Sir William 
Johnson, who was brought through 
the wilderness which then sur- 
rounded Saratoga on a litter, 
and remained drinking the water 
for a few weeks, when he was able 
to walk away without assistance. 
This is the first recorded instance 
of the thousands of well authenti- 
cated cures effected by the waters 
of Saratoga. 



THE CONGRESS SPRING. 

The bottled and boxed waters of 
this spring are familiar to the eyes 
of freight agents, expressmen, and 
druggists all over America, and to 
a considerable extent in Europe. 
It is the most generally' known and 
used of any of the Saratoga springs, 
and has probably effected more 
cures of the diseases for which its 
waters are a specific than any other 
mineral spring in America. 

It was discovered by a party of 
hunters, in 1792, and was forthwith 
named Congress Spring in honor of 
John Taylor Oilman, member of 
Congress from Exeter, New Hamp- 
shire, who was one of the party. 

As soon as the properties of the 
water became generally known, the 
small supply obtainable from the 
natural overflow led the inhabitants 
to attempt making a reservoir. 
This, to their dismay, resulted in a 
total stoppage of the spring, which 
continued for some time. One of 
the first settlers, Gideon Putnam 
by name, while prospecting in the 
vicinity, observed bubbles rising 
from the bed of the brook near 
whose margin the Congress Spring 
had formerly flowed. He dug a 
new channel for the stream, and to 
his delight found the lost waters 
bubbling up in their original purity. 
The spring was soon afterward 



7o 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



rudely tubed with plank, and in 
1823 it was first bottled for expor- 
tation by Dr. John Clarke of New 
York, who purchased the spring and 
adjacent lands from the Livingston 
family, who held it under an ancient 
grant. In 1842 the spring was re- 
tubed. An excavation was made 
which revealed the rock whence the 
water issued. The tubing was 
placed in the most careful manner, 
and by means of packing with clay 
a larger supply of water was ob- 
tained. The property continued in 
the hands of Dr.' Clarke's heirs or 
their executors until 1865, when it 
was purchased by a company incor- 
porated under the name of the C071- 
gress and Empire Spring Com- 
pany. This company owns the 
beautiful semicircular valley in 
which the Congress and Columbian 
springs are found. The sides of 
this valley are still covered with 
forest ' trees, amid whose towering 
trunks are shaded walks which af- 
ford a gay and fashionable prome- 
nade for the thousands of visitors 
who 'throng the great hotels near 
by. 

The Columbian SrRiNG, a few 
rods south-west of the oblong pavi- 
lion which covers the Congress, is 
similar in its constituents to the lat- 
ter, but contains more iron, and is 
apt to occasion a headache if taken 
before breakfast. Full directions 



for the use of the different waters, 
either separately or in combination, 
will be found posted in conspicuous 
places in the spring-houses, and in 
printed circulars which may be ob- 
tained at the hotels. 

The water of the springs is free 
to all, and the boys who dip it for 
the use of guests do so as a specula- 
tion. They receive no other com- 
pensation than that which is volun- 
tarily given by those who avail 
themselves of their services. 

THE EMPIRE SPRING. 

This is the farthest north of any 
of the first-class springs near the 
village. Although the existence of 
mineral water in this locality has 
been known for a long time, it was 
not until 1S46 that any one thought 
it worth the necessary expense of 
excavation and tubing. At that 
time the Messrs. Robinson owned 
the property, and determined to 
tube the spring. The rock was 
struck twelve feet below the surface 
of the earth, and so copious was the 
flow of water that the tubing proved 
to be a work of unusual difficulty. 
It was, however, successfully ac- 
complished, and the water flowed in 
great abundance and purity. It soon 
attracted the attention of medical 
men, and was found to possess cu- 
rative properties which rendered it 
available in diseases which had not 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



71 



before been affected by Saratoga 
waters. The analysis, by Prof. 
Emmons, shows the presence of 
iodine in considerable quantities. 
Its general properties, however, 
closely resemble the Congress, and 
it was for a time known as the New 
Congress Spring. Since 1846 the 
property has changed hands three 
times, and is now owned by the 
Congress and Empire Spring 
Company, which was formed by 
the consolidation of two other com- 
panies in 1865. The buildings and 
bottling arrangements of this spring 
are very complete. 

THE STAR SPRING. 

This was formerly known as the 
President and the Iodine. It is 
over half a century since its waters 
were first known and used, but their 
full virtues were not developed until 
1862, when it was discovered that 
the water was becoming impure, or 
at least diluted, in consequence of 
defective tubing. It was neverthe- 
less much used by citizens and visi- 
tors ; but not until the water was 
traced to its rocky source and tubed 
in the best manner, were its pecu- 
liar properties made manifest. Pro- 
fessor Chandler's analysis shows 
that the water contains a larger 
amount of iodine than is contained 
in the water of any other Saratoga 
spring. It contains 20 grains of 



iodine to each gallon of water, 
while the most strongly impregna- 
ted of the other springs contains 
only 12 grains in a gallon. There 
is also a larger quantity of carbonic 
acid gas in this than in any of the 
other springs — none of them con- 
taining more than 321 cubic inches 
to the gallon, while the Star has 
over 407. The other ingredients 
generally exceed the similar ingre- 
dients of other springs, and the 
solid contents left after the evapo- 
ration of a gallon of water amount 
to 6i5 1 fi o L o a d" grains, considerably ex- 
ceeding the residue obtained by 
subjecting other waters to similar 
treatment. • 

This spring is especially benefi- 
cial to persons suffering from chron- 
ic rheumatism or cutaneous diseases. 
It has now been in use all over the 
United States for a period of six 
years, and is constantly increasing 
in popularity. As a beverage it 
has no superior ; as a cathartic it is 
fully equal if not superior to any 
of the other mineral waters of 
America ; and as a tonic and diuret- 
ic it possesses qualities which are 
not even claimed for other waters. 

The spring and bottling house of 
the Saratoga Star Spring Co. are 

! a short distance south of the Empire 
Spring, and quite near those of the 
High Rock. They are reached by 

, a flight of stairs leading down the 



72 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



bluff from Front street, which runs 
nearly parallel to Broadway. 

THE WASHINGTON SPRING 

Is in the private grounds of the 
Clarendon Hotel, a few hundred 
yards south - west of Congress 
Spring. The waters of this spring 
were utilized by the same Gideon 
Putnam who rescued Congress 
Spring from its threatened oblivion, 
but no attempt was made to insert 
permanent tubing until 1858. At 
that time a large shaft was sunk, 
without extraordinary precaution, 
to the rock, thirty feet below the 
surface. There it was found that 
the water came from some point 
still uncovered. A tunnel was ac- 
cordingly dug, following the flow 
of water. The workmen had pro- 
gressed about ten yards when a 
sudden rush of water admonished 
them to flee for their lives, and in 
a few minutes tunnel, shaft, and 
machinery were covered with water, 
which boiled and bubbled with car- 
bonic acid gas in such a manner as to 
console the proprietors of the spring 
for the loss of their tools and labor. 
A powerful rotary steam-pump fail- 
ed to lower the water sufficiently to 
continue work, and two more 
shafts were sunk before the place 
where the water issued from the 
rock was found. Tubing was then 
introduced, and ever since the 



spring has continued to yield an 
abundant supply of water. 

OTHER SPRINGS. 

The whole region around Sara- 
toga overlies a geological formation 
which is rich in mineral springs ; 
and although those which have been 
described are the most popular and 
the most generally beneficial, there 
are others which are prized *by in- 
dividuals for especial purposes, and 
which are used to a considerable 
extent. Within a quarter of a 
mile of the Congress are the Ham- 
ilton and Putnam Springs. The 
first of these is almost directly 
back of Congress Hall. Its waters 
are not bottled, and' are used by a 
comparatively small number of per- 
sons. The Putnam Spring is 
reached by an alley from Broadway 
near Congress Hall. It is connect- 
ed with a bathing establishment, 
where baths of mineral water may 
be obtained. Such baths are high- 
ly recommended as purifying to the 
system and as assisting - the internal 
use of mineral waters. 

Following Putnam street, which 
leads along the valley where the 
springs are found, we reach succes- 
sively the Pavilion Fountain, 
near the site of the old Columbian 
Hotel, the Flat Rock Spring, 
and the Seltzer Spring. This 
last-named spring is tubed with 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



73 



giass, so that the bubbles of gas 
can be seen rising with the water. 
It resembles the celebrated Seltzer 
water of Germany. A few rods to 
the northward is the ' ' HighRock. ' ' 
The Saratoga "A " Spring is 
outside of the village, on the same 
road which leads to the Ten 
Springs, which are about two 
miles from Saratoga. The Excel- 
sior is the only one of them which 
is used. On Saratoga Lake, oppo- 
site the Lake House, is a sulphur 
spring, but little used. There are 
several other springs within a radi- 
us of a dozen miles, but none of 
them merit a special description. 

USE OF THE WATERS. 

Particular directions for their use 
may be obtained at the different 
springs, as well as at the hotels. 

The following may be regarded 
as a safe and general rule : 

Before breakfast, drink slowly 
two or three glasses of Empire or 
Congress water, walk for ten or 
twenty minutes, take another glass 
or two of water, and breakfast 
twenty or thirty minutes later, being 
particular to sip a little hot tea or 
coffee before eating. 

Columbian and Washington water 
may be used during the day, but not 
over a glassful should be taken at 
once. If the Columbian is taken 
when the stomach is empty it is apt 



to cause a headache. The Star and 
High Rock waters may be used in- 
stead of Empire and Congress if 
preferred. Some persons are best 
affected by one spring, others by 
another. An experience of a few 
days will indicate which spring is 
best for any particular individual ; 
and, if desired, physicians who have 
made a study of the effects pro- 
duced by the different waters may 
be consulted- 

HOTELS. 
Congress Hall. — This vast and 
magnificent building is one of the 
first objects which catches the eye 
of a stranger approaching Saratoga 
Springs. The name which this ho- 
tel bears is one which has long been 
familiar to frequenters of Saratoga. 
The present building, however, is far 
larger and more commodious than 
the Congress Hall which won for 
itself so favorable a reputation prior 
to 1866. That building was wholly 
consumed by fire in May of the 
year just named. The Congress 
Hall of to-day occupies the same 
position as did the old hotel. It 
stands at the corner of Broad- 
way and Congress streets, over- 
looking the beautiful grounds of 
the Congress and Empire Spring 
Company, and commanding from its 
windows and balconies views of the 
most fashionable part of the favor- 



74 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



ite promenades. The Congress and 
Columbian Springs are within a few 
rods of the hotel, and the other 
springs are within easy walking dis- 
tance. 

The whole building is constructed 
with a view to making it everything 
which a first-class American hotel 
ought to be. Architecturally it far 
surpasses anything in Saratoga. Its 
main front on Broadway is four hun- 
dred and sixteen feet in length, oc- 
cupying the whole space between 
Spring and Congress streets. It is 
built of brick with stone trimmings, 
and is five stories high, the upper 
story forming a French or Mansard 
roof. A piazza, 20 feet wide and 
240 feet long, stretches along the 
Broadway front and affords a de- 
lightful promenade. Besides this 
piazza are less extensive ones over- 
looking the space between the wings 
which extend back to Putnam street 
in the rear. On top of this im- 
mense building are other promenades 
or observatories, whence wide views 
may be obtained over the surround- 
ing country. These roof-prome- 
nades are three in number, the cen- 
tre or longest one being sixty feet in 
length by forty-eight in width, and 
at the height qf seventy-five feet 
from the ground. 

These are favorite lounging places 
during the cool of evening, or when 
the sun is setting with unusual splen- 



dor. In its interior arrangements 
the hotel fully carries out the gene- 
rous plan which its exterior appear- 
ance would naturally lead us to ex- 
pect. The room?; are large, well 
ventilated, and furnished with bells 
and gas. Warned by the destruc- 
tion of the former building, the de- 
signers of the new hotel have pro- 
vided against fire by dividing the 
building into fire-proof compart- 
ments. . Seven solid brick walls 
are carried from foundation to roof, 
and, wherever passages are made 
through these walls, heavy iron 
doors are placed so that any one 
compartment can be instantly shut 
off from the others. 

The halls throughout are ten feet 
in width, and the general plan of the 
building combines with its detailed 
arrangement and equipment to ren- 
der it pre-eminent among hotels. 

The finest and most commodious 
elevator in the country is situated 
in a convenient part of the building 
for the accommodation of persons 
wishing to ascend or descend from 
story to story, or to and from the 
spacious observatories on the roof. 
This elevator is made by Otis, Bros. 
& Co., N. Y., manufacturers of 
hoisting apparatus. Among the 
later improvements is a large ball- 
room, built in the spring of 1869. 
This occupies part of the northern 
wing of the hotel fronting on Spring 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



75 



street. It is of ample size, and is 
in every respect calculated to serve 
as a fit place for those brilliant as- 
semblies which constitute so marked 
a feature of the Saratoga season. 

Congress Hall is surpassed in 
size by only one hotel in the world, 
namely, the Grand Hotel of Paris. 
Mr. H. H. Hathorn, the proprie- 
tor, was also the owner of the build- 
ing which was burned in 1 866. Soon 
after that event, meetings of promi- 
nent citizens of Saratoga decided to 
assist Mr. Hathorn in every way 
practicable to replace the loss which 
all were convinced that the town 
had suffered. Their credit was lent 
to the enterprise, and subscriptions 
were eagerly bought up by capital- 
ists all over the country. The re- 
sult is an establishment which will 
long stand without a rival, and 
which will be annually thronged by 
the gayest and most fashionable of 
the brilliant crowds which annually 
fill the streets and hotels of Sara- 
toga Springs. 

THE UNION HOTEL 

stands on Broadway, immediately 
opposite to Congress Hall, and en- 
joying much the same advantages 
of situation. This hotel, which is 
kept by the Leland Brothers, of 
wide-spread hotel fame, stands on 
the ground where the first Sara- 
toga hotel stood, when opened in 



1802. Saratoga county was then 
an almost unbroken wilderness, and 
Putnam's tavern, with its seventy 
feet front, was among the wonders 
of the day. The property changed 
hands several times before coming 
into the possession of its present 
owners. Many additions and im- 
provements have been made, and 
now the hotel, with its extensive 
accessories, occupies an entire block. 
The beautiful shade-trees which 
grace its front and grounds are a 
peculiarly attractive feature of the 
establishment. The main build- 
ings surround an extensive garden 
or pleasure ground, ornamented 
with fountains, flowers, and grass, 
and overlooked on all sides by the 
spacious piazzas of the hotel build- 
ings. A novel appendage of the 
hotel is its opera-house, which is 
fitted up with all the elegance of a 
metropolitan theatre, and its walls 
have often echoed to the voices of 
our most gifted musicians, actors, 
and actresses. 

Bowling-alleys, billiard-rooms, 
and very extensive bathing arrange- 
ments are among the extras of this 
admirable hotel. 

About 1,200 guests can be ac- 
commodated in its 800 rooms. 

THE CLARENDON HOTEL. 

This excellent house stands on 
Broadway, a short distance south 



7 6 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



of Congress street. It partly en- 
closes within its wings a depression 
or valley, ornamented with shade- 
trees, among which stands the taste- 
ful pagoda covering the Washington 
Spring. Congress Grove is imme- 
diately opposite the Clarendon, and 
such of its guests as prefer Congress 
or Columbian water to that which 
springs within their own door-yard, 
can easily reach them. This hotel 
is largely patronized by a class of 
visitors who do not desire to mingle 
with the somewhat promiscuous 
company which fills the larger ho- 
tels. The Clarendon can accom- 
modate about 500 guests, and its 
arrangement is every way calculated 
to give satisfaction to those who 
patronize it as a summer resort. 

THE AMERICAN HOTEL. 

This forms another of the group 
of hotels in the immediate vicinity of 
Congress Spring. It is at the cor- 
ner of Broadway and Washington 
streets, having a frontage of two 
hundred and twenty feet, pleasant- 
ly shaded by elms, and command- 
ing a view of the most fashionable 
promenades in Saratoga. The 
Post-office is directly opposite to 
the hotel, and the principal stores 
and places of resort are within five 
minutes' walk. The American 
contains rooms fitted up in the 



best manner, and is suited to ac- 
commodate about two hundred 
guests. 

The rooms are so arranged as to 
meet the wants of families or of in- 
dividuals, as the case may be, and 
every effort is made by the proprie- 
tor, Mr. William H. McCaffrey, 
to render his hotel worthy of the 
excellent reputation which it has 
already gained. In view of the 
fact that many persons desire to 
avail themselves of the Saratoga 
waters in winter as well as in sum- 
mer, Mr. McCaffrey does not in- 
tend to manage his establishment 
on the supposition that during the 
greater part of the year it will be 
destitute of company. His rooms 
are furnished suitably for occupancy 
during the winter months, and in- 
valids visiting the springs during 
that season will find themselves well 
cared for at the American. 

While not attempting to compete 
with the great hotels of this beauti- 
ful village, in point of size or the 
number of guests who can be crowd- 
ed into its apartments, the Ameri- 
can claims the same advantages of 
situation which make its larger 
neighbors the centre of fashion and 
gayety during the summer months, 
and in addition it promises to its 
patrons every comfort aud luxury 
which can be found in any hotel 
in the country. 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



77 



THE MARVIN HOUSE. 

This fine hotel has rooms for 
about 250 guests. It stands on 
Broadway, at the corner of Division 
street. Its situation is more central 
than that of any of the leading Sa- 
ratoga hotels. It is nearest to the 
Railroad Station of any of the first- 
class houses, and all of the springs 
are within a short walk of its doors. 
The building is of brick, and its fine 
piazzas, stretching along its entire 
front, command an unbroken view 
of Broadway, Saratoga's great 
thoroughfare, from the Congress 
Spring grounds to the northern lim- 
its of the village. 

Through this shaded street and 
past the doors of the Marvin House 
the tide of splendid equipages is 
continually passing during the sea- 
son of fashionable resort to the 
springs. 

The table, rooms, and attendance 
at the Marvin will be found satis- 
factory in all respects to those who 
select it as their temporary home. 

This house is kept open during 
the winter as well as during the 
summer months. 

THE COLUMBIAN HOUSE 

is a comparatively new structure of 
brick and stone. It is pleasantly 
situated on Broadway, a few steps 
south of the entrance to the Con- 
gress and Empire Spring Compa- 



ny's grounds. This house, like the 
Clarendon, is a little outside of the 
whirl of fashion which character- 
izes the larger hotels, and is patron- 
ized by a class of visitors who do 
not wish to take part, whether they 
will or no, in the ceaseless gayeties 
and excitements of the great water- 
ing place. 200 guests can find ex- 
cellent rooms at this house, and it 
is conducted in a very efficient A and 
admirable manner. 

DR. HAMILTON'S WATER-CURE. 

Under the able superintendence 
of Dr. Hamilton this establishment 
has attained a high reputation 
among those who visit Saratoga 
with the intention of gaining the 
full benefit of its mineral waters. 
While affording the comforts of a 
first-class hotel, Dr. Hamilton per- 
sonally supervises the daily life and 
habits of his invalid guests, his long 
experience enabling him to deter- 
mine with great professional accu- 
racy the precise course of treatment 
desirable in the case of each indi- 
vidual who comes under his care. 

THE TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY. 

This institution is beautifully lo- 
cated in the eastern part of the vil- 
lage, and is occupied as a female 
seminary during the most of the 
year, but during the summer months 
is opened as a hotel and boarding- 



78 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



house for the accommodation of 
visitors to the springs. 

OTHER HOTELS. ETC. 

There are many smaller hotels 
and boarding-houses in Saratoga 
which are conducted in excellent 
style. Among those we may men- 
tion, The Continental ; the Pavil- 
ion ; the Everett; the Mont 
Eagle ; the. Crescent ; the Wil- 
bnr ; White's ; the Washington ; 
the Broadtvay Hall ; the Com- 
mercial ; and the Clinton House. 
Many houses are scattered through 
the pleasantest parts of the village 
where board can be obtained. 
Some of these houses are exceed- 
ingly home-like and quiet in their 
arrangements, having private 
grounds, and subjecting their occu- 
pants to none of the annoyances 
unavoidable in great hotels. 

DRIVES AND RESORTS. 

The principal drive, and the only 
really fashionable one, is that which 
leads from Saratoga to and along 
the shores of the lake. There is 
little which can be termed natural- 
ly attractive about this drive, and 
it is only the brilliant procession 
of carriages, with their fair occu- 
pants and their superb horses, that 
renders the otherwise uninteresting 
road one of the sights of Saratoga. 
Moon's House, overlooking Sara- 



toga Lake, is famed for its game 
and fish dinners, and pre-eminently 
for its fried potatoes, which are 
done up in neat paper packages and 
sold like confectionary, which, in 
fact, they resemble more than they 
do the potato of every-day life. 

Saratoga Lake is nine miles long 
and near five miles wide. The fish- 
ing in its waters is excellent ; black 
bass, pickerel, muscalonge, and 
perch being caught in abundance. 

Another drive leads to Lake 
Lovely, a small lake among the 
hills. It is a pleasant place for 
pic-nic excursions. There are other 
small ponds in the vicinity, which 
form points of interest for those 
who like to explore the country. 

Prospect Hill is 16 miles distant, 
and from its summit, 2,000 feet 
high, a wide view may be obtained. 

The Saratoga Race Course is on 
the road to the lake. It is a mile- 
track, kept in excellent order, and 
largely patronized at the annual 
races, which take place every sum- 
mer during the height of the sea- 
son. 

The Saratoga Battle Ground, at 
Stillwater, is an interesting place to 
visit. It is about 15 miles from 
the village, but a fair carriage-road 
leads to its vicinity, enabling those 
who desire to visit the scene of the 
battle and of Burgoyne's surren- 
der, to do so without great fatigue. 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



79 



GANSEVOORT. 

Northumberland, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 
193 Miles from New York. 

Is a small post-village, named 
after Colonel Peter Gansevoort, of 
the Revolutionary army, who lived 
here after the war was over. The 
village stands upon the banks of 
Snook Kil, which the railroad crosses 
just north of the station. The 
country in this vicinity is a rolling 
table-land, and the view is bounded 
on the one side by the southern spurs 
of the Adirondacks, and on the 
other by the hills east of the Hud- 
son. 

MOEEAU. 

Moreau, Saratoga Co., N. Y. 
193 Miles from New York. 

The townships of this name lies 
along the western bank of the Hud- 
son. It is intersected by numerous 
ravines and small streams which 
give the country a somewhat rugged 
aspect. The range of mountains 
seen at times to the westward is the 
Palmerstown range, a continuation 
of the Adirondacks. The soil is 
a light, sandy loam. The town 
was named after General Moreau, 
of France. The trains stop at this 
station only on signal. It was for- 
merly the station for passengers 
leaving the cars for Lake George, 
but the stage line to the Lake is now 
discontinued, and tourists visiting 



Lake George will leave the R. & 
S. R. R. at Fort Edward. 

FORT EDWARD. 

Fort Edward, Washington Co., N.Y. 
199 Miles from New York. 

This town is of considerable im- 
portance and activity. It stands on 
the left bank of the Hudson near 
where that river changes its course 
from east to south. An island of 
considerable size divides the river 
opposite the town. The railway 
crosses this island, and the two chan- 
nels afford a good view of the 
town along the river. The large 
buildings near the midst of the town 
are those of the Washiiigton Coun- 
ty Seminary, a large school for both 
sexes. Fort Edward was an impor- 
tant military point in the Indian, 
French, and Revolutionary wars. A 
fort called Fort Nicholson was built 
here in 1709 but was soon after 
abandoned. In 1755, in pursuance 
of the plan of military operations 
against Canada, a fort was erected 
here, called at first Fort Lyman, but 
the name was afterward changed to 
Fort Edward in honor of Edward, 
Duke of York, the brother of 
George III. of England. Being on 
the great carrying place to Lake 
Champlain, it became a very impor- 
tant depot for arms and rendezvous 
for armies in the expeditions against 
Canada. It also served as a hospi- 



So 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



tal for the sick and wounded. Dur- 
ing the Revolution it was again oc- 
cupied by both British and Ameri- 
cans. It stood on the bank of the 
river, north of the creek, within 
the present limits of the village. 

The murder of Jane McRea took 
place near a spring a little east of 
the village, July 27, 1777. The 
tragedy served to intensify popular 
feeling against the British and has 
passed into our national history. 
The remains of Miss McRea are 
interred in the Union Cemetary. 

Passengers wishing to reach the 
Fort William Henry Hotel, at the 
head of Lake George, or to take 
the Lake George route northward, 
leave the Rensselaer and Saratoga 
Railway at Fort Edward, and take 
the cars on the branch for Glens 
Falls, whence the lake is reached by 
stage, through wild and interesting 
scenery. 

(For description of the route via 
Lake George, see page — . ) 

DUNHAM'S BASIN. 

Kingsbury, Washington Co.. N. Y. 
202 Miles from Neiu York. 

A small village on the Champlain 

Canal. 

SMITH S BASIN. 

Washington Co., N. Y. 

207 Miles from New York. 

Hotel — Smith's Hotel. 

A small station with few houses. 



The station bears the name of a 
large landowners of this vicinity 
and proprietor of the large hotel 
near the station. 

FORT ANN. 

Fori Ann, Washington Co., N. Y. 
211 Miles from New York. 

This village bears the name of an 
old colonial fort which stood on the 
west side of Wood Creek, about 
half a mile from the railway station. 
The Champlain Canal now crosses 
the spot where it stood. The fort 
was one of a chain of works erected 
in 1709, at the joint expense of 
England and the colonies, to facili- 
tate expeditions against Canada 
during the French war, and was 
the scene of several encounters be- 
tween the hostile forces. An en* 
gagement occurred here in 1 777 
between Burgoyne's advance and a 
detachment of Americans. The 
latter held their ground until their 
ammunition was exhausted, and 
then retreated, felling trees, burn- 
ing bridges, and otherwise obstruct- 
ing the roads. Burgoyne was sev- 
eral weeks in overcoming the obsta- 
cles so that his heavily equipped 
troops could continue their march. 

As we pass along the railroad to- 
wards Whitehall, we may notice the 
high, steep, and rocky mountains 
on the north and west of us, which 
are called Fort Ann Mountains. 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



COMSTOCK'S LANDING. 

Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y. 
215 Miles from New York. 

For some miles the railway fol- 
lows the course of a rocky ledge of 
limestone, between which and the 
track is the Champlain Canal. At 
Comstock's Landing the ridge is 
quite high and precipitous. A road, 
however, ascends through a break 
in the cliff, and part of the village 
may be seen. The large and hand- 
some house, which is so beautifully 
situated on the wooded summit of 
the cliff, is the residence of Mr. I. 
V. Baker, Superintendent of the R. 
& S. Railway. 

WHITEHALL. 

Whitehall. Wa'shi?igton Co., N. Y. 

223 Miles from New York. 

Hotel — Hall's Hotel. 

The village of Whitehall stands 
at the head of Lake Champlain, and 
a short branch of the R. & S. Rail- 
way runs through the pleasantly 
shaded street, from the station to 
the steamboat landing. High hills 
rise on both sides the village, but 
the country is level and open to the 
southward. Whitehall is the larg- 
est lumber market on the lake, and 
owes its prospeiity principally to 
that branch of industry. The R. 
R. train divides at this station, a 
part of the cars carrying the passen- 
gers to the steamboat wharf, and a 



portion going on to Rutland. (For 
description of Lake Champlain and 
route by steamer, via lake steamers, 
see pp. 93 to 104.) 

FAIRHAVEN. 

Fairhaven, Rutland Co., Vt. 
229 Miles from New York. 

The village stands on an elevated 
plateau, overlooking the open coun- 
try along the base of the hills along 
Lake Champlain. Close by the 
station, and in sight from the car 
windows, are beautiful falls in the 
Castleton River. Slate is quarried 
and worked in large quantities at 
this place. Here also is the west- 
ward limit of the great marble beds 
of Vermont. 

HYDEVILLE. 

Castleton, Rutland Co., Vt. 
231 Miles from New York. 

The village is largely engaged in 
marble and slate works. It is pleas- 
antly situated among lofty hills. Im- 
mediately north of the village is a 
large lake called Lake Bomoseen. 
It affords good fishing, and is a 
pleasant place of resort for the in- 
habitants of the vicinity. 

CASTLETON. 

Castleton, Rutland Co., Vt. 
234 Miles from New York. 

Is on a small river of the same 
name. Killington Peak, among the 
Green Mountains, may be seen at 



82 



RENSSELAER & SARATOGA. 



intervals to the eastward. The pe- 
culiar bold eminence in the same 
direction is known as Spruce Knob, 
and its immediate neighbor is Her- 
rick Mountain. 

WEST RUTLAND. 

Rutland, Rutland Co.. Vt. 
241 Miles from New York. 

Extensive marble works are in 
operation at this place. The quar- 
ries, to which a branch railroad 
track leads, may be seen on the hill- 
side to the north. The whole ridge 
surrounding the alluvial flat on 
which the village stands is com- 
posed of marble of greater or less 
degrees of fineness. 

RUTLAND. 

Rutland, Rutland Co., Vt. 

244 Miles fro7ii New York. From 

Montreal, 150 h. 

Hotels — Bar dive 11 House, Central 

House, Stevens House. 

The name of Rutland is probably 
best known in connection with the 
marble which is quarried from vari- 
ous places within its limits, and car- 
ried thence to all parts of the coun- 
try. The town and village are the 
centres of the marble region, and 
large quantities of fine white marble 
are annually shipped thence by rail- 
road. Rutland is the county town, 
and is important as the central mar- 



ket for a large region of country. 
Its population is about io,ooo. It 
has one daily and three weekly news- 
papers, two iron foundries, large 
marble-sawing works, and some 
other factories. On the principal 
street are a number of fine stores of 
all-kinds, well stocked with supplies 
for local trade. The railroad de- 
pot is a fine brick building in the 
central part of the town, and is 
used by the three railroads which 
meet here, namely, the Rutland 
R.R., the Rensselaer and Saratoga 
R.R., and the Bennington and 
Rutland R.R. Pleasant drives and 
walks abound in the vicinity, among 
which may be mentioned the roads 
leading to Clarendon Springs, 
Middletown Healing Springs, and 
the various marble quarries. The 
Green Mountains surround the val- 
ley in which Rutland stands, and 
add greatly to the beauty of its 
scenery. The, three highest peaks 
are known by the names of Shrews- 
bury, Killington, and Pico. Otter 
Creek flows through the northern 
part of the village, and furnishes ex- 
cellent water - power at various 
points. 

(For description of the Rutland 
R.R. and continuation of railroad 
route, see page 91.) 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



83 



RUTLAND & WASHINGTON DIVISION OF 
RENSSELAER & SARATOGA R. R. 

Rutland to Eagle Bridge 62 Miles. To Troy, 85. To Albany, 91. 

This branch of the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. was formerly 
an independent railroad, but has been consolidated with the R. 
& S., and the two are now conducted under one management. 

From Troy to Eagle Bridge the route is over the track of the 
Troy & Boston R. R., and thence diverging, traverses the border 
townships of New York and Vermont, intersecting the other line 
of the R. & S. R. R. at Castleton, whence the route to Rutland is 
by the main line. 

The region traversed by the route is celebrated for the beauty 
of its scenery, especially that portion which traverses the valleys 
of Owl Kill and Batten Kill in the region of the Taghkanick 
Mountains. 

High undulating hills, with broad sweeps covered with wood- 
lands and cultivated farms, alternate with the rough and broken 
forms of the Taghkanicks ; while some of the valleys are smooth 
and level. 



EAGLE BKLDGE. 

Hoosick, Rensselaer Co., JV. Y. 
23 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 62. 

At this point the route leaves 
the Troy and Boston road, and, 
crossing the Hoosick River, passes 
up the romantic valley of the Owl 
Kill. This is the region of the 
Taghkanick Mountains. Their 
rocky and broken summits are cov- 
ered with forests, and in many 
places their sides are bounded by- 
abrupt declivities and perpendicular 
ledges. 

These remarks are more espe- 



cially appropriate to the upper por- 
tion of the course of the Owl Kill, 
where the valley is narrow and 
deep ; but the whole region abounds 
in picturesque views. 

CAMBRIDGE. 

Cambridge and White Creek, Wash- 
ington County, N. Y. 
29 M.from Troy. Frorn Rutland, 56. 

Cambridge village is west of the 
railroad, in the township of the 
same name. East of the railroad 
is the village of North White 
Creek, which, with the station it- 



8 4 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



self, is in White Creek township. 
Cambridge Washington Academy- 
is located at the village of Cam- 
bridge. 

SHUSHAK". 

Salem, Washington County, N. Y. 

34 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 51. 

This little village is upon Batten 
Kill, which here separates the town- 
ships of Salem and Jackson. Over 
the hills that border on the west 
side of the kill are several beautiful 
little lakes, surrounded by hills, 
forests, and cultivated farms. The 
north branch of the Taghkanick 
Mountains occupy the region. Be- 
tween Cambridge and Shusan, on 
the east of the railroad, the sum- 
mits rise from 300 to 800 feet above 
the valleys, and are generally 
crowned by forests. George Law 
was a native of Jackson township. 

SALEM. 

Salem, Washington Co., N. Y. 
41 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 44 

Salem is a quiet country village 
of ten or twelve hundred inhabi- 
tants. It was incorporated in 1803. 
During the Revolution the Presby- 
terian church was fortified, and soon 
after was burned by the enemy. 
The Salem Washington Academy 
located here was incorporated in 
1 79 1, and for a number of years was 
one of the most noted schools in 
Eastern New York. Among the 



pupils of the school were Judge 
Samuel Nelson of the U. S. Su- 
preme Court, Chief- Justice John 
Savage, and Rev. Dr. Bethune of 
Brooklyn. It is now the public 
school of the village. The machine- 
shop of the Rutland and Washing- 
ton Division is located here. 

Salem is a half-shire town of 
Washington County, and contains 
a court-house and jail. Judge Gib- 
son, at present Grand Master of the 
Free Masons of New York, resides 
in Salem. 



WEST RUPERT. 

Rupert, Bennington Co., Vt. 
43 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 38 

A pleasant country village near 
the line of Vermont and New York. 
A beautiful street, lined with maple 
shade-trees, will attract the atten- 
tion of the traveler as he passes 
through this beautiful valley. Mt. 
Antoine, a high hill toward the east, 
with a noticeable clearing on its 
summit, is also a prominent feature 
of the scenery. This hill is a picnic 
resort of considerable local cele- 
brity. 

The Masonic Hall is a fine build- 
ing, visible from the car window. 
With one exception (that at Rut- 
land), it is said to be the best Ma- 
sonic Hall in Vermont. , 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



85 



RUPERT. 

Rupert, Bennington Co., Vt. 
49 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 36 

The village is a short distance 
east of the railroad, which here turns 
to the north and gradually approach- 
es the State line again. 

PAWLET. 

Pawlet, Rutland Co., Vt. 
56 M. from Troy. From Rutland, 29 

A small village near the line of 
the State of New York. 

The village near the station was 
formerly locally known as " Mark's 
Corners," or West Paw let, Paw- 
let proper being some three miles 
east of the railroad. Just northwest 
of this station, the railroad recross- 
es the State line and re-enters New 
York State. 

This is the shipping centre of a 
large potato-raising section. It is 
said that more potatoes are shipped 
to market from this station than 
from any other in the United States. 

GRANVILLE. 

Granville, Washington Co., N. Y. 

This is an incorporated village. 
It was formerly known as " Bish- 
op's Corners." The village has 
some manufactures, deriving their 
water-power from the Pawlet River, 
which passes through the place on 
its way from the Dorset Mountains 
to Lake Champlain. This stream 
is subject to sudden and strong 



freshets, rendering the maintenance 
of bridges over it difficult and ex- 
pensive. 

MIDDLE GRANVILLE. 

Granville, Washington Co., N. Y". 
61 Miles fr. Troy. Fr. Rutland, 24 

This is another village on the 
Pawlet River. The first carding- 
mill in the State was erected in this 
village in 1808. It is said that the 
machine was obtained secretly from 
England, and for some time was 
worked in private. 

The soil of Granville township is 
a slaty, gravelly loam, particularly 
adapted to the production of pota- 
toes, large quantities of which are 
exported. 

Several quarries of excellent roof- 
ing slate have been opened in differ- 
ent parts of the town. 

The village stretches for three- 
quarters of a mile along the western 
edge of a beautiful valley, and with 
its picturesque white houses nestling 
among embowering maples, and 
overshadowed by magnificent elms, 
presents a very attractive appear- 
ance. On its western side, extend- 
ing for more than 20 miles north 
and south, and rising to a height of 
400 or 500 feet above the bottom 
of the valley, is the ridge of hills in 
which the quarries are situated. The 
whole eastern face of this ridge 
seems to be formed of slate rock, 
which crops out here and there all 



86 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



over the surface. Generally this 
rock is covered with a gravelly soil 
of from' a few inches to 10 or 15 
feet in depth, which supports a short 
but thick growth of rich grass and 
affords excellent pasturage, and the 
summit of the ridge is covered with 
a heavy growth of forest-trees. The 
Mettowee or Pawlet River winds 
along the eastern base of the ridge, 
and affords the required power for 
cutting and manufacturing the slate. 
The slates are of various colors, 
green, purple, and dark brown, 
deepening into black, and sometimes 
two or more colors appear in the 
same piece, the ground being of one 
tint, dappled all over with spots of 
another. These different varieties 
lie in contact with one another in 
the beds, and color seems to have 
nothing to do with the quality. 

The whole hill in which the quar- 
ries are situated appears to consist of 
one mass of slate, which has been 
upheaved by some mighty convul- 
sion of nature, and now lies partial- 
ly on its edge, with an average in- 
clination of about 25 degrees to the 
horizon. The eastern slope of the 
hill is the face or surface of the bed. 
The upper layers of rock, however, 
from the action of water and the 
atmosphere, have become " shaky " 
or rotten, and will not split with- 
out breaking. 

Previous to 1838 slate was but 



little used, except in the form of 
roofing, flagging in tiles, but in that 
year a process was discovered by 
which it could be made to assume 
the appearance of the most expen- 
sive and beautiful marbles and other 
valuable stones, and through this 
means it has since come to be ex- 
tensively used as a material for de- 
corating and beautifying our dwell- 
ings and public buildings. The nu- 
merous articles of household fur- 
nishing into which it enters are al- 
most startling when one comes to 
enumerate them. Mantels, buffers, 
sideboards, tops for billiard and cen- 
tre tables, bureaus and w r ashing 
stands, picture frames, clock cases, 
paper weights and burial cases are 
but a portion of the articles for 
which it is used. The stone is 
brought to the mill in large blocks 
or slabs, cut with saws, driven by 
water-power, into the proper forms, 
and planed and polished by machin- 
ery until its surface presents a 
satin-like smoothness. If the ar- 
ticle desired is to be an imitation 01 
marble, the surface of the stone is 
covered with a peculiar preparation, 
which is one of the secrets of the 
business, and which forms the ground 
for the colors to be afterward ap- 
plied. These colors are then spread 
upon the surface of water in a large 
shallow tank, and the peculiar lines 
and blotches of color which appear 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



87 



upon the surface of marble are imi- 
tated by gently moving t-he floating 
pigments about with a feather or a 
painter's pencil. This is a task re- 
quiring peculiar natural capacity and 
great manual skill. There are said 
to be not more than three or four 
good marble imitators in the coun- 
try. When the design is formed to 
the satisfaction of the artist, the 
slab of slate is carefully laid upon 
the surface of the water, held for a 
moment until the colors adhere to 
the prepared surface, and then pla- 
ced in a kiln and dried for three or 
four days. The surface is again 
rubbed down, and the colors fasten- 
ed by a coating of varnish. When 
the work is well done, the imitation 
is so close that only a careful exa- 
mination can detect the imitation 
from the genuine, and thus a beau- 
tiful article of ornament is produced 
which can be sold at a far less price 
than the original, and possesses ten 
times its strength and durability. 
In other cases, the colors are put 
upon the surface of the stone with 
a brush, and afterward fixed in the 
same manner as in the first opera- 
tion. Some peculiar varieties can 
only be imitated in this manner. 

The Penrhyn Slate Company have 
a large finishing factory at this place, 
and great quantities of slate are 
shipped by this and the " Middle 
Granville Co." 



There is an academy at Middle 
Granville, and at North Gran- 
ville, a small village about three 
miles north-west, is a female sem- 
inary. 

POULTNEY. 

Poultney, Rutland County, Vermont. 
67 Miles fr. Troy. From Rutland, 18. 

Hotels — Poultney House, Beamarfs 

Hotel. 

Stages to Middletown Healing Springs 

daily. 

Poultney is the nearest railroad 
station to the Middletown Healing 
Springs, with which it is connected 
by stages. The distance is about 
eight miles, forming a delightful 
ride over a good road, with pleasant 
scenery. 

Poultney itself is a fine summer- 
ing place, especially for families, 
and combines, in a great degree, 
the elements of economy, pleasure, 
health, and accessibility. To those 
who desire it, the advantage of a 
good school may be added. 

Ripley Female College is located 
here, and during the season of sum- 
mer visiting it is thrown open to 
the traveling public as a boarding- 
house. It combines more elements 
of comfort than are usually found 
away from home. The building is 
of brick, and, being in the centre of 
ten acres of lawn and grove, is a 
delightful retreat. The President, 
Bev. J. Newman, D. D, is a gentle- 



88 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



man of ripe culture and over thirty- 
years experience as a teacher, here 
and at Union College. The Facul- 
ty are first-class, and the College 
has attained a high reputation and 
is well patronized. 

Lake St. Catherine is a fine sheet 



of water, about six miles in length. 
The lower end of the lake is about 
two miles south-east of Poultney 
village. This, with other lakes in 
the vicinity, affords good fishing for 
those who love that sport. 




RIPLEY FEMALE COLLEGE, 

Poultney, Vt. 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA 



8 9 



MlDDLETOWN HEALING SPRINGS. 



Middletown, Rutland County, Vt. 

8 Miles from Poultney. 

The Middletown Healing Springs 
are situated on the north bank of 
the Poultney River, a tributary of 
I^ake Champlain, in Middletown, 
Rutland county, Vermont. The 
village lies on both sides of the 
river. The springs are about fif- 
teen miles south-west from Rut- 
land ; but Poultney is the nearest 
railroad station, and the proper 
point of RR. departure. Stages 
connecting with trains run between 
Poultney and the springs. The road 
between Middletown and Poultney, 
winding around the foot of moun- 
tains and along the margin of the 
river, is a charming drive. The 
springs are less than an hour's drive 
from Poultney, and their beautiful 
surroundings and rare medicinal 
virtues are destined to make them 
a favorite resort for the invalid and 
pleasure-seeker. 

Spruce Knob Motcntain, four 
miles north of the town, is abun- 
dant in extensive and charming 
views. 

BircTs-Eye, three miles west of 
Spruce Knob, seven miles from the 
springs, and Lover's Rock, one 
quarter of a mile from the springs, 



are said to "present scenery which 
would excite admiration even in 
Switzerland." 

These springs were known pre- 
vious to 181 1, and their waters used 
to a limited extent as a remedial 
agent. In that year, according to 
old residents of the county, a flood 
changed the bed of the Poultney 
river at Middletown, filling up the 
old channel with gravel, and de- 
positing an immense layer of it 
against the north bank, out of 
which the springs issued. From 
this time nothing was seen of them 
until June, 1868, when another 
flood of unusual volume occurred, 
which washed away the deposit of 
gravel, and again laid them bare. 

When the springs were re-dis- 
covered, a number of individuals, 
afflicted in various ways, commenced 
drinking the waters. They drank in- 
discriminately from all the springs, 
and in many cases a complete cure 
and restoration to health resulted. 
The fame of the springs grew rap- 
idly, and from the neighboring 
towns the people began to come 
with every variety of pail, jug, and 
barrel for the water. Cures of 
many cases of long-seated chronic 
diseases have been reported. They 
act as a tonic and stimulant, giving 
tone and strength to the system, 



9° 



RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. 



stimulating the digestive organs, and 
promoting the full and healthful 
action of the organs of the body. 
They have not the weakening and 
painful harshness and unnatural 
quickness of effect which charac- 
terize the action of many mineral 
waters, natural and artificial. 

The springs are seven in number, 
but the waters of only three have as 
yet been analyzed, and their medi- 
cinal properties ascertained. Al- 
though situated within a few yards 
of each other, their properties are 
distinct. 

The water from Spring Number 
One has been analyzed by Prof. 
Peter Collier, of the Agricultural 
College of Vermont, and is found to 
contain the following mineral con- 
stituents : — 



Carbonic Acid, Sulphuric Acid, 
Chlorine, Nitric Acid, Lime, Mag- 
nesia, Iron, Manganese, Alumina, 
Potash, Soda. 

These elements are found in the 
following combinations : Sulphate 
of Lime, Carbonate of Lime, Car- 
bonate of Magnesia, Carbonate of 
Iron, Carbonate of Manganese, 
Alumina, Chloride of Potassium, 
Chloride of Sodium, Carbonate of 
Soda. 

Of these, iron and manganese are 
found to exist in unusual abundance. 
Immense quantities of these waters 
are shipped daily, and movements 
are on foot to erect additional 
hotels and bathing-houses. 

The proprietors of the springs, 
Messrs. Grays & Clark, are estab- 
lishing a large business. 



RUTLAND ROUTE. 9 1 



The Rutland R.R. 



BELLOWS FALLS TO BURLINGTON — 120 MILES. 

This railroad, and the Vermont Valley Railroad, are operated 
by the same company, having its headquarters at Rutland. The 
principal part of the road was finished in 1849, and it has mate- 
rially assisted in developing the manufacturing resources of the 
State, as well as increasing its mineral and agricultural wealth. 

The railroad passes through the only two cities in Vermont, 
namely, Vergennes and Burlington, having its northern terminus 
in the latter place. At Rutland it connects with The Rensselaer 
and Saratoga, and The Bennington and Rutland railroads, all 
which roads meet in a spacious depot near the centre of the 
town. 

The line passes through the richest marble district in the 
State, of which district, perhaps, Rutland may be called the 
centre. Large quantities of marble are transported to market 
pver the railroads which centre here, and this valuable mineral 
is an important source of income to the railroads, and of wealth 
to the State. Soapstone and slate are also exported in large 
quantities, and in suitable forms for the various purposes to 
which each is adapted. Lumber, also, is constantly brought by 
rail from Burlington, which is one of the greatest lumber ship- 
ping towns in the country. 

The scenery throughout the line is ever varying in its beauty. 
The Green Mountains, with their ravines and cataracts, are a 
constant source of interest and pleasure while passing through 
them, and when the track leaves the mountain range, and tra.- 



9 2 



RUTLAND ROUTE. 



verses the level land near Lake Champlain, the mountains still 
remain in sight, as a grand background to the more quiet land- 
scape along the railroad. For twenty miles south of Burlington 
the line is on or near the shore of Lake Champlain, of which, 
with the Adirondack Mountains beyond, fine views are afforded 
from the car windows. 



CENTRE RUTLAND. 

Rutland, Rutland Co., Vt. 

Fr. Montreal, 148>£. 

245 HM.fr. N. Y. 

A suburb of Rutland on the banks 
of Otter Creek, which we here cross 
for the first time. There are here 
some large marble- works. 

SUTHERLAND FALLS. 

Rutland, Rutland Co., Vt. 
f 249 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 145 

Otter Creek here plunges through 
;a rocky chasm on the right of the 
track. When the water of the 
creek is high, a glimpse of the falls 
may be caught in passing, but a fair 
sight at their great beauty can only 
be Obtained by stopping for the pur- 
pose. A large marble company has 
its works here. The buildings stand 
at the right among the rocks. A 
few hundred yards beyond the 
station a superb view opens on the 
right. A broad and beautiful valley 
surrounded by lofty mountains is 
spread before us. The railroad fol- 
lows the hillside along the edge of 
this valley for some distance, gradu- 



ally sinking to the level of the 
meadows, until it crosses them just 
before reaching the next station. 

PITTSFORD. 

Pittsford, Rutland Co., Vt. 
252 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 142 

On the north of the valley just 
mentioned are the station and vil- 
lage of Pittsford. The village is on 
a hill not far from the station. 
Near this place were two American 
block -houses during the Revolution- 
ary War, known as forts Mott and 
Vengeance. Iron ore is found in 
the town in considerable quantities. 
There is a large marble quarry at 
this place, and another before reach- 
ing Brandon. 

BRANDON 

Brandon, Rutland Co., Vt. 
2Q0M.fr. N.Y. Fr. Montreal, 134 

Hotel — Brandon House. 
Brandon is built on both sides of 
a small stream, and is a thriving 
village. It is especially celebrated 
for the manufacture of mineral 
paints, which are made of various 
colors, mostly browns and yellows, 



RUTLAND ROUTE, 



93 



and are very durable. There is a 
scale factory and a large marble 
quarry in the town. Passengers 
for Lake Dunmore leave the cars 
at this station. This lake is nine 
miles distant, among the Green 
Mts. There are good hotels at 
favorable points on its shores, which 
are largely patronized during the 
summer months. Stages leave reg- 
ularly for Lake Dunmore on the 
arrival of trains. 

WHITING. 

Whiting, Addison Co., Vt. 
265 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 129 

At this station we have a fine 
view of the Green Mountains, a 
few miles to the eastward. There 
is a large lime factory at Whiting, 
near the railroad station. Stages 
connect with Orwell, a neighboring 
village. Two or three miles beyond 
this station, we come out upon the 
broad level lands bordering Lake 
Champlain. The mountains beyond 
the lake may now be seen. 

SALISBURY. 

Add is ott Co., Vt. 

270 M. fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 124 

Salisbury is in the midst of exten- 
sive level fields, many of which are 
only partially cleared, but give pro- 
mise of great richness when proper- 
ly cultivated. Stages connect with 
Leicester. 



MIDDLEBURY. 

Middlebury, Addison Co., Vt. 

276 M.fr. N. Y. . Fr. Montreal, 118 

Hotel — Addison House. 

Otter Creek flows through the 
village, which is large and prosper- 
ous. A fall in the creek affords fine 
water-power in the midst of the vil- 
lage. There are near this place two 
large marble quarries, from one of 
which the marble for the new Cus- 
tom-house and Post-office at Port- 
land, Me., is taken. 

Middlebury College is situa- 
ted here. This college was organ- 
ized in i Soo by private subscriptions, 
and has at present about one hun- 
dred students. It has an able facul- 
ty, and a good standing among 4:he 
educational institutions of the coun- 
try. The standard of scholarship is 
high, and the management of the 
college is in " Orthodox " hands. 

Just after leaving the station, the 
falls mentioned above may be seen 
on the left. On the right are Cam- 
el's Hump and Ml. Mansfield. A 
few miles north of Middlebury, we 
cross New Haven River, which 
joins Otter Creek just below the 
bridge. Picturesque rapids and 
bends in the river may here be 
seen on the left. 

BR00KSVILLE. 

New Haven, A ddison Co. , Vt. 
280 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 114 

A small farming village in a roll- 



94 



RUTLAND ROUTE. 



ing country, well adapted for stock 
raising. 

NEW HAVEN. 

New Haven, Addison Co., Vt. 
284 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 110 

The face of the country is gently 
undulating. On one of the hills, to 
the right of the railroad, is the vil- 
lage of New Haven. The Green 
Mt. range is a few miles beyond. 

VERGENNES. 

Vergennes, Addison Co., Vt. 
289 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 105 

Hotel — Stevens House. 
\ Vergennes is the oldest city in 
Vermont, which fact does not neces- 
sarily imply a great age, as the only 
other city in the State, i. e., Bur- 
lington, was incorporated in 1866. 
Vergennes has, however, a good old 
age, having been incorporated as a 
city in 1788. The city limits are a 
little more than a mile square, en- 
closing a tract of land located just 
at the head of sloop and schooner 
navigation on Otter Creek, and in- 
cluding excellent water-power. 
The city may be seen on a hill half 
a mile west of the railroad station ; 
beyond it are high hills along the 
lake, and still farther the blue out- 
line of the Adirondack Mountains 
may be seen. Otter Creek is navi- 
gable to Vergennes for vessels of 
300 tons burden. In fact, vessels 
of that size can lie almost alongside 



the bank anywhere below the city. 
Commodore Macdonough's fleet 
was fitted out here, during the war 
of 1 8 1 2, and a United States Arse- 
nal is still established here, contain- 
ing large supplies of ordnance and 
munitions of war. Vergennes has 
manufactories of farming imple- 
ments and an iron foundry. A 
weekly market is held here, to 
which the neighboring inhabitants 
resort in large numbers. 

The Fort Casson House is a sum- 
mer resort on Lake Champlain, a 
few miles from Vergennes, whence 
it may be easily reached by stage or 
boat. 

FERRISBTJRG. 

Ferrisburg, Addison Co., Vt. 
291^ M.f. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 102^ 

We here cross a bridge under 
which are falls.; the name of the 
stream is Lewis Creek. The village 
is on the right, a short distance from 
the station. After leaving Ferris- 
burg, a fine view of Lake Cham- 
plain and the Adirondacks opens on 
the left, while on the right may be 
seen CameVs Hump and Mt. Alans- 
field. On the latter mountain a 
hotel is kept open during the sum- 
mer. 

NORTH FERRISBURG. 

Ferrisburg, Addison Co., Vt. 
295 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 99 

A small village with hardly any 



RUTLAND ROUTE. 



95 



houses in sight from the railroad 
station- The main village is two 
or three miles east of the railroad. 

CHARLOTTE. 

Charlotte, Chittenden Co., Vt. 
300 M. fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 94 

The village stands on a hill east 
of the station, and broad meadows 
stretch to the lake shore on the 
west. Some remarkable fossil bones 
were found here while the railroad 
was being built. They were classi- 



fied by the savans as belonging to 
an animal of the whale species. 
SHELBURNE. 

Shelbume, Chittenden Co., Vt. 
305 M.fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 89 

This is a small village, with pleas- 
ant houses overlooking the lake. A 
curious ledge of stratified rock, of 
different colors, is near the track, 
on the right of the road. 
BURLINGTON. 

318^^./^. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 82# 
(Seepage 109,,) 



LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. 97 



The Lake George 
Route. 



The traveler going north, and wishing to visit Lake George, 
or to take the route by that lake, will leave the main line 
of the R. & S. R.R. at Fort Edward, and take the cars of the 
Glens Falls Branch R.R. to Glens Falls, about six miles 
distant, and thence take stages to Caldwell and the Fort » 
William Henry Hotel, at the head of the lake, distant nine 
miles from Glens Falls. In continuing the journey from 
Caldwell, the route is by steamer down Lake George to 
Ticonderoga, where a stage ride of 4 miles around the 
rapids connects with the steamers on Lake Champlain. 

Of course this route is only available during the season 
of summer travel, but it is much frequented by lovers of 
nature, as the scenery of Lake George has an almost world- 
wide reputation for beauty and attractiveness. 

If, however, one has plenty of time, or only wishes to 
visit Lake George, and not go farther north, it will perhaps 
be as well for him to go on by rail to Whitehall, take 
the Lake Champlain steamer to Ticonderoga, and thence 
pass up Lake George to Fort William Henry. By this 
means he secures the best introduction to the scenery of 
the lake of "The Silvery Waters," amid the glory and 
deepening shadows of a sunset on the lake. 

A tarry over night at the Great Hotel, and a stage ride 
to Glens Falls, or a return down the lake to "Fort Ti," will 
bring one back again to the commercial thoroughfare with 
anything but regret for the short delay at the beautiful lake. 



9 8 



LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. 



SANDY HILL. 

Kingsbury, Washington County, N~. Y. 

This is a village of about 2,000 
inhabitants. A dam 1,200 feet 
long across the Hudson affords great 
water-power, which is extensively 
used by various sorts of manufac- 
tories and mills. The town was 
the scene of numerous adventures 
during the French and Revolution- 
ary wars. At one time 17 soldiers 
captured by the Indians were at 
this place seated on a log, and all 
but one deliberately tomahawked. 
In August, 1758, Major Rogers 
and Major (afterwards Gen.) Put- 
nam encountered and repelled a 
party of French and Indians within 
the town. Putnam was made a 
prisoner in the engagement. 

Traces of a road cut by Bur- 
goyne's army are said to be still 
visible in the township. 

GLENS FALLS. 

Queensbury, Warren County, N. Y. 

Hotel — A merican House. 
This is an incorporated village 
of nearly 5,000 inhabitants, and 
considerable importance. 

The fall in the Hudson is 50 feet 
high, and affords valuable water- 
power. Below the fall is a small 
island, from which a cave extends 



from one channel to the other. 
Above the falls is a dam across the 
river, built by the State, and a na- 
vigable feeder from above the dams 
supplies the summit level of the 
Champlain Canal with water. At 
Glens Falls there are good hotels, 
and the feeder, the dam, the fall, 
and the mills are worthy of a visit 
from the traveler who has leisure 
for a few hours' delay. 

The island has been made famous 
by Cooper, in the ' ' Last of the 
Mohicans." 

CALDWELL. 

Caldwell, Warren County, N. Y. 

This place is the county seat of 
Warren Co., but derives its princi- 
pal importance from its position at 
the head of Lake George and the 
delightful scenery which surrounds 
it. As these will be spoken of in 
the description of Lake George, 
we omit them here. Caldwell is 
connected by stage with Warrens- 
bury, six miles distant, at the pre- 
sent northern terminus of the Adi- 
rondack R. R., from whence the 
traveler will find communication 
with Schroon Lake, Long Lake, 
and other points in the lower Adi- 
rondack region, or southward by 
rail to Luzerne and Saratoga. 



LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. 99 



Lake George. 



"Horicon " (the Silvery Waters) is an Indian name often ap- 
plied to this unrivaled gem of American lakes. The Indians 
themselves called it Can-i-a-deri-oit — the tail of the lake. The 
French discovered it in 1609, and named it Saint Sacrement. 

The loyal Britons afterwards re-christened it Lake George, in 
honor of George I., their sovereign, and the English name still 
prevails, though, to most Americans, Horicon, the euphonious and 
significant Indian title, is more satisfactory, and the wish is often 
expressed that it might prevail. 

The renown of its wild and picturesque beauty has spread 
throughout the world, and thousands yearly come to view its 
charms, and go away to praise them. 

The lake is almost surrounded by steep and rugged mountains 
and its pellucid waters are studded with numerous islands. The 
passage up or down the lake presents an ever- varying panorama 
of beautiful and distinct views. Sometimes the mountains rise 
abruptly from the banks, at others quiet valleys scooped among 
the hills reveal the grand proportions of more distinct heights, 
and vistas of Arcadian beauty. 

The numerous islands — said to equal in number the days in the 
year — add beauty to magnificence in the scenery of the lake. 

Some are of considerable size, inhabited (in summer at least) 
and partially cultivated. Some are rugged cliffs crowned with 
shrubs or meagre vegetation ; others, low bare rocks, or mere 
points just rising above the water, only useful because, in their 
place and multitude, they are beautiful. 

The whole region of the lake is full of historic interest, and 
islands, waters, glens, and mountains have witnessed many a 
scene of martial glory, strife, and slaughter. 



IOO LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. 

Fort William Henry, at the head of the lake, is the principal 
point of attraction and resort on its shores, not only on account 
of its unequaled scenery and beauty of situation, but because of 
the excellent hotel, which can accommodate twelve hundred 
guests, and supply their wants on a most liberal scale. The 
Fort William Henry Hotel has long been known and patro- 
nized by lovers of Lake George. Under its original proprietors 
it gained an enviable reputation among the hotels of this region. 
It is now in the possession of the Messrs. Roselle, who have 
effected such changes and improvements in the hotel and its 
surroundings, that its guests of former years would hardly recog- 
nize its once-familiar features. 

The building has been enlarged and improved on a generous 
scale. A mansard roof has been raised above the old building, 
affording a new series of rooms commanding the most entrancing 
views of the lake, while from the top of the roof still more exten- 
sive prospects can be obtained. Besides this, great alterations 
have been made in the interior arrangements and furniture. Not 
content to confine their improvements to the hotel, the proprie- 
tors have built a number of neat and convenient cottages in the 
immediate vicinity, which are intended to accommodate those 
who wish for more private as well as more rooming apartments 
than can be obtained in the hotel. The ornamental grounds, 
which have always added so much to the attractions of this 
resort, have been improved and re-arranged, so that this most 
desirable feature of the establishment adds to its beauty more 
than ever. 

The Lake House is a very good hotel, pleasantly situated, 
commanding a fine view of the ruins of Fort George, French 
Mountain, and Rattlesnake Hill, and the islands and hills down 
the lake. 

In 1755 Sir Wm. Johnson, with an army of 5,000 men, operat- 
ing against the French, encamped at the head of Lake George, 
near where the hotel now stands. The French, under Baron 
Dieskau, who had occupied Ticonderoga, passed up South Bay 
—the southern limit of Lake Champlain — and across the rocky 



LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. IOI 

peninsula to the rear of the English, and, having ambuscaded and 
overcome Col. Williams and King Hendrick, who with 1,000 
troops and 200 Indians had been sent out to meet them, fell upon 
the English camp, but after a sanguinary fight the French were 
totally defeated. Johnson and Dieskau were both wounded in 
the fight. The English loss was 26.2 killed, wounded, and 
missing, while the French loss was variously estimated at from 
300 to 800. After this the English built Fort William Henry 
on the site of their camp. 

In 1757. 9,000 French under Montcalm invested the fort, which, 
after a siege of nine days, surrendered, Col. Munro, the com- 
mander, having stipulated that the garrison should march out 
with the honors of war, and one of the four cannons of the fort, 
and their baggage and baggage wagons, and an escort of 500 
men to Fort Edward. But the terms of surrender were disre- 
garded, and the disarmed and defenceless troops were surrounded 
and attacked by the Indians of Montcalm's army, and a most 
horrible slaughter ensued. A few survivors fleeing for their lives 
escaped to Fort Edward. " The revolting scenes of this day 
have stained the memory of Montcalm with the blackest infamy." 
The French did not attempt to hold the fort. 

In 1758 Gen. Abercrombie, with 7,000 regulars and 10,000 pro- 
vincials, embarked on 900 bateaux and 135 boats, and passed 
down the lake, with all the glittering pageantry of war, to assail 
Fort Ticonderoga. They failed of their purpose, and four days 
after returned, shattered and broken, with a loss of 2,000 killed 
and wounded, to Fort William Henry. 

In 1759 Gen. Amherst, with 12,000 men, advanced to Lake 
George, and, while waiting to complete his arrangements, com- 
menced to build Fort George, about one-half mile east from Fort 
William Henry. When Gen. Amherst advanced against Fort Ti- 
conderoga, the French withdrew to Crown Point, and afterwards 
to Isle aux Noix. Quebec fell soon after, and the conquest of 
Canada being completed the following year — 1760 — the vast mili- 
tary works of Fort William Henry, Forts George, Ticonderoga, 
and Crown Point were of no further use. 



102 LAKE GEORGE ROUTE. 

The steamer Minnehaha, Capt. E. S. Harris, which plies dur- 
ing the summer season on the lake, starts from the wharf at 
Caldwell, near the Fort William Henry Hotel, at an early hour 
in the morning, and, making the trip to the outlet of the lake, re- 
turns in the afternoon. 

A new steamer called the " Ganouskie," Capt. A. Hulett, built 
in 1869, runs on the lake as a pleasure and excursion boat. She 
is elegantly furnished, and is managed, like the Minnehaha, with 
especial reference to the comfort and entertainment of the pas- 
sengers. Both these boats are owned by the Champlain Trans- 
portation Co. 

The lake is 36 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles in width. Its 
whole extent furnishes a ceaseless succession of pictures which 
have for years engaged the pencils of our best landscape artists, 
and which will for many a year to come continue to charm the 
eye with their peculiar beauty. 

On the shores of the lake are several places of resort, where 
excursionists may find very comfortable accommodation. 

Bolton, at the north-western end of the North-west Bay, has 
a very commodious hotel, and is quite a resort for families and 
excursion parties. It is situated on the west side of the lake, 
commanding a very delightful view of Lake George scenery. 
On the east side, opposite Bolton, is a favorite resort for fishing 
parties, where is a good hotel — Trout Pavilion — and near which 
are the best fishing-grounds on the lake. 

Fourteen-mile Island, just above the Narrows, has a ""-erygood 
hotel, and is a convenient stopping point for fishing and excur- 
sion parties. 

At other points on the shores are fishermen's homes, but the 
most of them lack accommodation for tourists or pleasure-seekers 
who desire comfort and luxury. 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. I03 



The Route via Lake 
Champlain. 



The route via Lake Champlain, going north, diverges 
from the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad at Whitehall. 
From the junction a branch Railroad runs down to the lake, 
a distance of two miles, to Lake Champlain Station, at 
which point the traveler embarks on the steamer for the calm 
and delightful trip down the long and narrow lake to Bur- 
lington and Plattsburg. 

The elegant and commodious steamers ; the pure, bracing, 
and healthful atmosphere ; the ever-varying and ever-beauti- 
ful landscape, embracing on the one side the verdant and 
sloping Green Mountains, the rich farms and quiet villages 
of New York and Vermont, — on the other, near and far, 
the rough forms and lofty summits of the Adirondacks tower- 
ing away to the west, — and between them, now narrow and 
stream-like, now broad and expansive, but ever placid and 
attractive, the long and beautiful lake ; all combine to make 
diis a most pleasurable and desirable route for the tourist. 



104 LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



Lake Champlain. 



No name can be found more aptly describing this beautiful 
lake than that which was given it by the Indians who once dwelt 
along its shores. To them it was " The Gate of the Country," 
and was as important in their rude warfare as it afterward proved 
to be when England and France expended life and treasure in 
fighting for its possession. 

To us it is known by the name of its discoverer, Samuel 
Champlain, who, in order to gain the friendship of the Hurons 
and Algonquins, joined them, with two of his covnpanions, in a 
warlike expedition against the Iroquois. 

Champlain named the lake St. Saerement, and straightway 
proceeded to inaugurate the long series of conflicts which have 
taken place along the shores. 

The first account that we have of Lake Champlain is the his- 
tory of the warlike expedition on which Champlain went, with 
his Indian guides, against the Iroquois ; and from that time 
until the close of the last war with England the lake was often 
the scene of conflicts, — involving Indians, or French, or English, 
or Americans, or all four together. The most important battle 
was that of Plattsburg, which took place on September u, 1814. 
The American and British fleets were engaged in a fierce fight on 
the lake, while their respective armies were at the same time in 
action on shore, close at hand. This double combat ended in 
the total defeat of the British, and was one of the most hotly- 
contested battles of the war. A more particular account o£- 
this engagement may be found under the sketch of Plattsburg 
(page 41).. 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. I05 

Plattsburg is but one of the many places on the lake which 
are of great historic interest. During the " Old French War,' 
while France still held possession of the Canadas, the English 
maintained garrisons along the shores, and flotillas on the water. 
These two great European Powers brought their ancient feuds 
across the Atlantic with them, and were constantly seeking 
one another's destruction. The horrors of- this desultory war- 
fare were increased by the barbarities perpetrated by the 
Indian allies of both parties. Crown Point and Ticonde- 
roga, near the outlet of Lake George, are both famous — the 
latter as the site of the old fort, which was captured, with its 
British garrison, by Ethan Allen and his brave Green Moun- 
tain Boys. 

Valcour Island, a few miles south of Plattsburg, is near the 
scene of Arnold's disastrous engagement with the British, in 
1776. That officer then stood high in public estimation, and on 
this occasion fully sustained his reputation for skill and bravery, 
in covering the retreat of his flotilla. The battles of Bennington 
and Hubbardston, and the line of Burgoyne's march, were all on 
or near the shores of Lake Champlain, and add a never-dying in- 
terest to the magnificent scenery which surrounds it. 

Lake Champlain is 150 miles long, and varies in width from a 
few hundred yards to thirteen miles. Its waters are clear, deep, 
and cold, and it is well stocked with fish of various kinds, afford- 
ing excellent sport for the angler. In the spring and fall thou- 
sands of wild ducks make this their feeding-ground, and the 
wild lands west of the lake abound with all kinds of game. 

For purposes of commerce the lake is of great consequence. 
Its depth is, in some places, 300 feet, so that vessels of heavy 
burden can navigate its waters. Large quantities of lumber are 
annually delivered at its ports, Burlington, Vt, being the princi- 
pal market. 

The tourist, desiring to traverse the lake from its southern to 
its northern end, will take the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railway 
to Whitehall, where he will find one of the Champlain Trans- 
portation Company's steamboats awaiting the arrival of the 



Io6 LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 

regular trains. These boats are constructed with especial refe- 
rence to the navigation of the lake. They are well managed, 
fast and safe boats, well calculated to afford all those comforts 
which make steamboat traveling so delightful. The steamer 
Adirondack, Captain W. H. Flagg, is a new large boat, and 
will accommodate 1,500 passengers. She is elegantly fur- 
nished, and arranged so as to afford ample promenades and 
complete views of the scenery while making the trip on the lake. 
She has large and commodious state-rooms, and berths for the 
convenience of the passengers, when making the trip in the 
night. Passengers will find the table supplied with all the deli- 
cacies and luxuries which can be procured in the finest hotels 
in the country, while the style in which the food is cooked and 
served will invite the appetite of the most fastidious. At no 
table on land or sea is a more bounteous repast spread before 
the traveler, than can be obtained every day on board this 
steamer. The mate to this vessel is now being built, and 
will be put on the lake next season, under the title of The 
Green Mountain. The other steamers running on alternate trips 
with the Adirondack are the Canada, Captain Win. Anderson, 
and the United States, Captain J. C. Babbett. 

Although older and somewhat smaller, they are furnished with 
the same luxuriance, and managed with the same desire to ren- 
der the trip as agreeable and pleasant for the passengers as is 
possible. The traveler who has just ascended the Hudson, or 
who has made the trip down the St. Lawrence, will find on Lake 
Champlain scenery entirely different from that which character- 
izes those noble rivers, but which equally charms and delights. 
At Whitehall the narrow lake, winding between steep hills, re- 
sembles the waters of a placid river rather than the head of a 
lake 150 miles long, and ranging in width from a few rods to 15 
miles. 

The lake retains this river-like character until it reaches 
Crown Point, where it widens and establishes its claim to be 
ranked among the large, if not the great lakes. 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



107 



BENSON LANDING. 

Benson, Rutland Co., Vt. 

13 Miles from Whitehall, 236 Miles 

from New York. 

This is the first landing after 
leaving Whitehall. The village is 
about 3 miles east of the Lake, and 
contains about 200 inhabitants. 

ORWELL. 

Orwell, Addison Co., Vt., 
20 Miles frofti Whitehall, 243 Miles 
from New York. 

An unimportant landing on the 
east side of the Lake, in a farming 
town of the same name. 

FORT TICONDEROGA. 

Ticonderoga, Essex Co., N. Y. 

24 Miles from Whitehall, 247 Miles 

from New York. 

Hotel — Pavilion. 

This is a favorite place of resort 
for summer tourists, and is full of his- 
toric interest. The old fort, on the 
high bluff near the steamboat wharf, 
is in a dilapidated condition, but 
enough remains of its ruined bastions 
to make it a most interesting sub- 
ject for the study of those who have 
any reverence for the memory of 
our early days as a nation. 

Ticonderoga is a corruption of 
the Indian name Tisinondrosa, 
meaning " the tail of the lake," and 
referring to the narrow portion of 
the lake south of this point. The 
French were the first to fortify Ti- 
conderoga. They built a fort there 



in 1755, and named it Carillon. 
The same year it was strongly gar- 
risoned, and was held by them until 
1759. In 1758, General Aber- 
crombie sailed down Lake George 
from Fort William Henry, and at- 
tacked Carillon with a force of 
17,000 British regulars and provin- 
cials. He was repulsed with a loss 
of 2,000 killed and wounded; Lord 
Howe, his second in command, 
being among the killed. The battle- 
ground is passed on the stage route 
between the two lakes, and the dis- 
position of the forces in the battle 
can be ascertained by inquiring of 
residents or the stage attendants. 
In 1759, General Amherst advanced 
against it with a force of 12,000 men, 
regulars and militia, and the French 
were obliged to abandon it. It was 
greatly strengthened by the English, 
and was held by them until 1775, 
when, on May 10th, Ethan Allen 
and his Green Mountain Boys sur- 
prised and captured it. On Bur- 
goyne's advance down the Hudson 
in 1777 it again fell into British 
hands, and was occupied by them 
until Burgoyne's surrender to Gates 
in October of that year. 

Ticonderoga is at the mouth of 
the outlet of Lake George, and 
stages run regularly for the accom- 
modation of visitors to that lake 
from this direction. There is an 
excellent hotel — the Pavilion- -at 



io8 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



"Fort Ti," as the place is called 
by the inhabitants. 

Ticonderoga is the point of de- 
parture from Lake Champlain for 
passengers wishing to visit Lake 
George. Stages convey passengers 
from the landing, around the rapids, 
four miles to the Lake, where they 
meet the beautiful steamer Minne- 
haha, which will convey them the 
whole length of lake, through the 
most beautiful scenery in the world, 
to Caldwell and the Fort William 
Henry Hotel. 

LARABEES' POINT. 

Shoreham, Addison Co., Vt. 
26 M.fr. Whitehall, 249 M. fr. N. Y. 
Hotel — United States. 
This landing is in Shoreham, Vt. , 
and is about two miles from the 
village. It is unimportant in his- 
tory, and of no especial present in- 
terest. 

CROWN POINT. 

Crown Point, Essex Co., N. Y. 
35 M.fr. Whitehall, 258 M. fr. N. Y. 
Hotel — Gunnison's. 
The village of Crown Point is 
about 3 miles west of the landing. 
A small village called Hammond's 
Corners is about a mile west of 
the landing. Near the landing is 
a new hotel, built in 1869, where 
good accommodation may be ob- 
tained. This is one of the start- 
ing-points for hunters and tourists 



entering the Adirondack region. 
The grading of the Whitehall and 
Plattsburg Railroad, in course of 
completion, can be seen along the 
shores of the lake at this point. 
An iron mine is about to be worked 
in the rocky mountains south of 
the landing. Opposite is Brid- 
port, Vt., where the steamers for- 
merly stopped at Frost's Landing, 
but no landing is now made. 

As we proceed north on our 
journey, and before we reach Port 
Henry, we pass Crown Point, a 
high promontory, on which is a 
light-house and the ruins of Fort 
Frederick, built by the French in 
1731, but which was captured by 
the English in 1759. It fell into 
the hands of the Americans under 
Ethan Allen, at the same time and 
under the same circumstances as 
did Fort Ticonderoga. West of 
this point lies Bullwugga Bay, and 
south of the bay is the high rocky 
mountain of the same name. The 
lake widens at this point to a width 
of about two miles. 

POUT HENRY. 

Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y. 
42 M.fr. Whitehall, 265 M.fr. N. Y. 

This is a very pleasant and pic- 
turesque village — the scenery of 
the mountains in its vicinity being 
exceedingly beautiful. The Port 
Henry Iron-works, distinctly seen 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



I09 



from the steamboats, are quite ex- 
tensive. Iron mines are abundant, 
and largely worked just west of the 
village. After leaving Port Henry 
the views of the Adirondack Moun- 
tains to the westward and of the 
Green Mountain range to the east- 
ward are very grand. On the west 
the most prominent elevation is 
Bald Peak. 

WESTPORT. 

Westport, Essex Co. , N. Y. 

52 M.fr. Whitehall, 275 M.fr. N. Y. 

Hotels — Persons and Richard's. 

A very pleasantly located village 
on the west shore of the lake. 
The iron business is carried on ex- 
tensively in the towns west of this, 
and much iron and ore are shipped 
from this port. Jay Cooke & Co. 
have extensive works in Elizabeth- 
town, a few miles west of this vil- 
lage. 

As we leave Westport, going 
north, the spires of the city of Ver- 
gennes, Vt., are visible to the east- 
ward. The lake narrows again as 
we proceed, and opposite its nar- 
rowest part are the ruins of Fort 
Casson, named in honor of an offi- 
cer of McDonough's fleet. It is 
situated at the mouth of Otter 
Creek, where was formerly a steam- 
boat landing for the city of Vergen- 
nes. The creek is navigable for 20 
miles as far as Vergennes, where 
McDonough fitted out his fleet. 



On the west is Split -Rock Moun- 
tain, and at its north end is a light- 
house. Near this mountain and 
light the lake is very deep and has 
never been correctly fathomed. 
Bottles tightly corked have been 
sunk to a great depth, and on being 
raised to the surface were found 
full of water, though the corks were 
not removed. 

ESSEX. 

Essex, Essex Co., N. Y. 

64 Miles from Whitehall, 287 Miles 

from New York. 

Hotel — Royce's. . 

The landing may be seen soon 
after the boat rounds the point of 
Split-Rock Mountain. The village 
is romantically situated at the foot 
of the hills which render the whole 
western shore so picturesque. Essex 
is one of the points on the lake 
whence hunters take their depar- 
ture for the Adirondacks. 

The islands which lie in the mid- 
dle lake, a few miles north of Essex, 
are the Four Brothers. 

BURLINGTON. 

Burlington, Chittenden Co., Vt. 

85 Miles from Whitehall, 308 Miles 

from New York. 

Hotels — American, Lake House, and 
Central Hotel. 

Soon after passing the Four 
Brothers, Burlington may be seen on 
the Vermont shore, the tin-covered 
dome of its university building shin- 



no 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



ing like a b aeon above the roofs of 
the city. It was incorporated as a 
city in 1866, and is delightfully sit- 
uated on a hill which rises from the 
lake shore, and commands a wide 
view of water and landscape. The 
city has a population of about 10,- 
000. It has two daily and two 
weekly papers, three banks — having 
an aggregate capital of $700,000 — 
cotton, flour, and rolling mills, ma- 
chine-shops, and a furniture factory. 
Its heaviest business is- in lumber, 
large quantities of which are brought 
from Canada and from along the 
lake shores, and are shipped by rail 
to various markets. 

In the centre of the city is a large 
public square, containing a fountain 
and shade trees. Near by are the 
custom-house, city and county build- 
ings, banks, and other business 
offices. The University of Ver- 
mont stands on the crest of the hill 
overlooking the city. 

From the dome of the chief build- 
ing an extensive and very beautiful 
view may be obtained, including the 
ranges of the Adirondack and Green 
Mountains, while Lake Champlain, 
with its bays and islands, stretches 
north and south, as far as the eye 
can reach. The large island in front 
of Burlington is yujiiper Island. 
To the south of this may be seen 
Rock Dunder, which is said to have 
excited the suspicions of the British 



commodore, while cruising here dur- 
ing the war with England, to such 
an extent that he opened fire upon 
it. Colonel Ethan Allen, the gal- 
lant Vermonter, who, with his Green 
Mountain Boys, rendered such good 
service during the Revolution, was 
often in Burlington while living, 
and now lies in the Green Mount 
Cemetery, near the city, where a 
granite monument has been erected 
by the State to perpetuate his 
memory. Burlington is the resi- 
dence of several distinguished men 
and prominent politicians, yohn G. 
Saxe, the well-known author of 
poetry and prose, Judge Smalley,and 
U. S. Senator Edmunds, have resided 
in Burlington for many years. Mr. 
Le Grand Cannon, President of the 
Champlain Transportation Compa- 
ny, has a summer residence on a 
commanding eminence overlooking 
the lake and city. The view of the 
Adirondacks, lake, and city from this 
elegant resort is one of surpassing 
beauty and grandeur. In the country 
surrounding the city are many roman- 
tic drives and walks ; those leading 
along the Winooski River are, per- 
haps, the most attractive. 

The charming and picturesque 
residence of the late Bishop Hop- 
kins, and his Seminary, at Rocky 
Point, two or three miles down the 
shore of the lake, will well repay 
a visit. Visitors are made quite 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



Ill 



welcome to inspect the establish- 
ment. 

The traveler should be particular 
in distinguishing between the depot 
of the Btcrlington and Rutland 
R. R. , and that of the Vermont Cen- 
tral, both of which railroads meet 
here. Travelers are sometimes left 
behind in consequence of not under- 
standing from which depot the train 
starts. 

From Burlington tourists start 
for the White Mountains and Mount 
Mansfield by rail. The general 
offices of the Champlain Transpor- 
tation Company are located in Bur- 
lington, fronting the public park. 

The steamboat wharf is close be- 
side the railroad station. From here 
the traveler crosses the water late 
in the afternoon, when the surround- 
ings of mountain and lake are most 
beautiful. 

POET KENT. 

Chesterfield, Essex Co., N. Y. 
90 M.fr. Whitehall, 313 M.fr. N. Y. 

Port Kent is a small village, situ- 
ated on the shore of Lake Cham- 
plain, near the mouth of the Au 
Sable River. It is important 
chiefly as the port from which the 
products of the iron-works at Keese- 
ville and Au Sable Forks are shipped 
to various markets, and as the ter- 
minus of the stage-route to the Adi- 
rondacks, by way of Au Sable. 



Thousands annually visit these 
mountains, to enjoy the sports pe- 
culiar in this wild region, or to de- 
rive health from its pure and invi- 
gorating atmosphere. The Au 
Sable River, between Port Kent 
and Keeseville, passes through 2 re- 
markable chasm, forming what are 
known as the " Walled Banks of 
the Au Sable River." The river 
plunges over a precipice, Birming- 
ham Falls, seventy feet in height, and 
rushes for a distance of two miles 
through a chasm which is in some 
places one hundred and thirty feet 
deep. The river is at one point 
forced through a channel only a 
few feet in width, and the water 
can hardly be seen from the top of 
the rocks. The geological forma- 
tion which the river thus passes is 
the Potsdam Sandstone ; and the 
whole chasm forms an object of 
great interest to the tourist. 

At Keeseville are two good hotels, 
namely, the Adirondack House and 
the Au Sable House. Thence 
stages run to Baker's Saranac Lake 
House, 46 miles, and to all the other 
houses on the Saranacs. 

From Au Sable Forks a road 
leads into the mountains through 
the famous Wilmington Notch. 
Throughout this part of the moun- 
tains good hotels are established at 
favorable localities. 

Upon the hill just above the lake 



112 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



is a fine old stone house where live 
the descendants of Colonel Elkanah 
Watson, the founder of the first 
agricultural society of New York. 
In 1777, the year of Burgoyne's 
surrender, Colonel Watson, then 
aged 17, made a tour through the 
country, and wrote a very interest- 
ing and accurate account of his expe- 
riences. This account forms one of 
our most valuable histories of those 
Revolutionary times. 

PLATTSBU&G. 

Plattsburg, Clinton Co., N~. Y. 

328 M. fr. N. Y. Fr. Montreal, 63 

Hotels — Fouquefs, Cuniberland, and 

WitherelCs. 

The village of Plattsburg is situ- 
ated at the mouth of Saranac River, 
on a plateau some fifty feet above 
the level of the lake. It has about 
5,000 inhabitants, and is in every 
respect a flourishing place. The 
Saranac River furnishes water-pow- 
er for several mills, one at least of 
which — a saw-mill — is well worthy 
of a visit. It is worked day and night, 
and the interest is perhaps enhanced 
by a visit after nightfall, when every- 
thing is more or less mystified by 
the surrounding darkness. Platts- 
burg is the county town, and con- 
tains the usual buildings for judicial 
purposes. The U. S. Government 
has barracks and keeps a garrison 
here. Plattsburg is the southern 
terminus of the Montreal and 



Plattsburg Railroad, which extends 
to the Canada line, where it joins a 
branch of the Grand Trunk Rail- 
road of Canada. Steamers touch 
daily at the wharves, conveying pas- 
sengers across the lake, or to various 
places on its shores. 

Fouquet's Hotel is a house 
which every traveler who has ever 
patronized it remembers with pleas- 
ure. It is a new building, finished in 
the best manner, and kept admirably. 
The piazzas and promenade com- 
mand extensive views of the lake and 
surroundings, and every effort is 
made to supply everything required 
or wished for by travelers and sum- 
mer guests. This hotel fronts the 
lake and overlooks Cumberland Bay. 

Beyond the bay is MacdonaugW s 
Point, just inside of which, in Sep- 
tember, 1 8 14, was anchored the 
American fleet, awaiting the attack 
of the British, while on shore lay 
the two hostile armies, watching 
one another, and ready at any mo- 
ment for either attack or defence. 
Commodore Macdonough com- 
manded the American fleet, and 
Commodore Downie the British. 
The land forces were commanded 
by General Macomb on the Ameri- 
can side, and General Provost on 
the British. The British fleet had 
1,000 men, and 95 guns. The 
American, 880 men, and 86 guns. 
On shore, the Americans had one 



LAKE CHAMPLAIN ROUTE. 



Ix 3 



brigade of regulars and several thou- 
sand militia, and the British had 
about 14,000 men. 

The battle was opened on the 
water by a shot from the American 
vessel Eagle, and very soon the en- 
gagement became general. The 
roar of artillery was heard far off in 
Vermont, and a long distance down 
the lake. The fight lasted with the 
greatest fury for two hours and a 
half. Commodore Macdonough 
with his own hands sighted one of 
his guns, from time to time through- 
out the action, and after one bat- 
tery of his flag-ship, the U. S. frig- 
ate Saratoga, had been disabled by 
the superior artillery of the Confi- 
ance, her adversary, she was swung 
round so as to bring her other bat- 
tery to bear. This decided the 
fight, for the British ship was soon 
compelled to surrender, and the 
victory was soon after rendered 
complete by the surrender of the 
remaining ships. The British gun- 
boats alone, being worked with 
sweeps, effected an escape. 

On shore the assaults of the Brit- 



ish were repelled, and when it was 
seen that the day was lost on the 
lake, General Provost retreated 
from the field, leaving the Ameri- 
cans victorious by land and water. 
In one of the houses of Plattsburg 
is still to be seen a twelve-pound 
shot, which entered the house during 
the engagement, and lodged in the 
walkover the staircase, where it has 
remained ever since. 

From Plattsburg, the Whitehall 
and Plattsburg R. R. conveys pas- 
sengers to Point of Rocks (Au Sa- 
ble station), 20 miles distant, where 
travelers may take stages to the 
hunting and fishing grounds of the 
Adirondack region. This forms the 
most convenient and comfortable 
route to the North Woods, and is 
the most popular starting-point on 
the lake. The steamer Montreal 
plies daily, in summer, between 
Plattsburg, Alburg Springs, and 
Grand Isle, thus affording facilities 
for visiting the finest fishing-grounds 
of Lake Champlain and the cele- 
brated spring along the Vermont 
shore. 




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ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS. II 5 



Adirondack Mountains. 



In traversing Lake Champlain, and while following its eastern 
shores on the railway, the traveler is constantly in sight of the 
mysterious wild region of Northern New York. The line of blue 
summits against the western sky is in the heart of this region, 
and any one who is acquainted with the mountains can readily 
point out Tahawtis, Whiteface, and others of the great mountain 
brotherhood which watches over the country from Ontario to the 
Green Mountains. This wilderness is nearly a hundred miles 
in diameter, and is nominally divided into several tracts, such as 
The Saranac, the Chateaugay, &c. The Adirondacks are, prop- 
erly, the mountainous region occupying the eastern part of the 
wilderness, but the name is often used in referring to the whole 
uninhabited district. Notwithstanding the numerous hunters 
and fishermen who annually go into the woods, game and fish 
are still abundant. Deer are protected by law during the breed- 
ing season, and as their natural foes, the panther, the bear, and 
the wolf, are outlawed by common consent, they are rather in- 
creasing in number. They are, however, becoming very shy, 
and much caution is necessary in hunting them. 

The whole Adirondack region is intersected and diversified by 
a network of lakes and streams, which render it picturesque and 
beautiful in an almost unequaled degree. These systems of water 
communication afford very convenient means of transit for hun- 
ters and pleasure-seekers, the lakes being connected by streams, 
in some cases navigable for bateaux, and in others broken by 
falls and rapids, around which boats and luggage must be carried. 

Iron is found in large quantities among the mountains, and 



Il6 ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS. 

some of the most accessible beds of ore are profitably worked. 
Marble is also found, of a valuable quality. It is probable that 
a large portion of this tract will always be wild and almost unin- 
habited, save by the hunter or pleasure-seeker, for it is so inac- 
cessible that the traffic which invites a large population could 
hardly ever reach, its central portions, even if the land were suffi- 
ciently fertile and easily cultivated to invite settlers. 

The wilderness may be easily reached by several different 
routes, partly by carriage-roads and partly by boats, which latter 
will convey the tourist to almost any part of the woods which he 
wishes to visit. A favorite route to the woods is from Port 
Kent, whence stages convey the tourist to Keeseville, Au Sable 
Forks, and the Saranac Lakes, whence by boats and " carries " 
he can penetrate to the heart of the wilderness. 

The recent completion of the White Hall and Plattsburg Rail- 
road, from Plattsburg to the Au Sable River, at Au Sable Station, 
opposite Point of Rocks, on the Au Sable River, 10 miles above 
Keeseville, makes Plattsburg the natural rendezvous on the east 
for visitors to either the Saranac or Chateaugay region. By this 
route the traveler will save about 14 miles of stage travel. 



MONTREAL & PLATTSBURG RAILROAD, u; 



The Montreal and 
Plattsburg R.R. 



PLATTSBURG TO MONTREAL — 63 MILES. 

The Montreal and Plattsburg Railroad, now forming part of 
the through line between New York and Montreal, was organ- 
ized and chartered as a company in February, 1850. The con- 
struction of the road was commenced in August, 1851, and the 
line through to Montreal was opened, in connection with the 
Canada section, on July 20, 1852. For a long time passengers 
had to change cars at Province Line, and again at the ferry 
from Caughnawaga to Lachine, but this annoyance is now 
removed, and cars run through to Montreal without change. 

At Mooers Junction we cross the line of the Ogdensburg and 
Lake Champlain Railway, and a few miles beyond enter the 
Dominion of Canada. The section of the road between Province 
Line and Montreal is under the management of the Grand Trunk 
Railroad Company of Canada, other branches of which meet at 
Montreal and connect with Quebec, Toronto, Rouse's Poi?it, and 
Portland. The country between Plattsburg and the St. Law- 
rence River is level, or slightly undulating. For some miles 
north of Plattsburg well-cultivated lands border the railroad, but 
we soon enter dense woods of hemlock and spruce, which, with 
occasional clearings in the neighborhood of stations, extend to 
the settlements near the St. Lawrence. Before we cross the 
Canada line, the peculiar tin-covered roofs and steeples, which 
are so prominent a feature of Canadian landscapes, begin to ap- 



ii8 



MONTREAL & PLATTSBURG RAILROAD. 



pear. After crossing the river, the railroad follows the course 
of the Lachine Canal, until the roofs and towers of Montreal are 
in sight, and we enter the suburbs. Very little of the country 
can be seen between Lachine and Montreal, owing to a bluff 
which rises just north of the railroad, and extends almost all the 
way to the city. 



CHAZY. 

Chazy, Clinton Co., N. Y. 
333 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 58. 

Between Plattsburg and this sta- 
tion the railroad passes through 
much well -tilled and fertile land. 
The Little Chazy River passes 
through the small village located 
here, furnishing water-power for 
saw-mills. The soil is clayey and 
productive, overlying a sandstone 
and limestone formation. 



SCIOTA. 

Chazy, Clinton Co., NY. 
338 Miles from Ne7u York. 

From Montreal 53. 

At this station are two large saw- 
mills, and a small village. Much 
lately-cleared land in the vicinity. 



BEEKMANTOWN. . 

Beekmantown, Clinton Co., N. Y. 
343 miles from Ne7v York. 

From Montreal 48. 

A small hamlet, at which trains 
stop on signal. 



MOOEF-S JUNCTION. 

Mooers, Clinton Co., N Y. 
348 Miles from New York. 

Fro7n Montreal 43. 

At this station we cross the 
Ogdensburg aitd Chamfilain Rail- 
road. This road crosses the north- 
ern part of New York State, from 
Rouse's Point to Ogdensburg. The 
custom-house officers usually inspect 
the luggage of southward-bound 
passengers at or near this station, and 
it is surprising how many temporary 
converts to free-trade doctrines are 
made here. 

STATE or PROVINCE LINE. 

Neiv York and Canada. 
351 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 40- 

On the right hand we see the 
first specimen of Canadian roofs, 
with the peculiar up-turned eaves. 
A village stands to the west of the 
station. 

HEMMINGFORD. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
355 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 33. 

Country level and wooded. 



MONTREAL & PLATTSBURG RAILROAD. 



II9 



JOHNSON'S. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
359 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 32- 

LAPIGEONIERE. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
386 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 25- 

ST. REMI. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
370 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 21- 

A considerable village, with a de- 
cidedly Canadian aspect. 

ST. ISIDORE. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
376 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 15- 

CATJGHNAWAGA. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
381 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal 10- 

We here reach the wide and rapid 
St. Lawrence River, across which 
we are ferried by a boat, upon which 
the cars are taken, so that passen- 
gers need not leave their seats unless 
they wish to get a better view of 
the river and its shores. 

LACHINE. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
383 Miles from New York. 

From Montreal '8- 

Here the cars are again attached 
to an engine, and we are hurried on. 
The canal on the right is the Lachine 



Canal, which enables vessels to 
avoid the dangerous rapids in the 
St. Lawrence. In a short time we 
enter the suburbs of Montreal. 

MONTREAL. 

Province of Quebec, Canada. 
391 Miles from New York. 

Hotels — St. Lawrence Hall, Ottawa 
House, St. James Hotel. 

The chief city of British America 
stands on Montreal Island, at the 
head of natural navigation on the 
St. Lawrence River. It was founded 
in 1640, on the site of an Indian 
village called Hochelaga, which was 
visited by French Jesuit missionaries 
in 1542, nearly a hundred years be- 
fore a permanent settlement was 
made. The French held the island 
until 1760, when it was captured by 
the British, and has been held by 
them ever since. The Canadian 
government was formerly establish- 
ed here, but was removed to Que- 
bec in 1849, in consequence of a po- 
litical mob which burnt the parlia- 
ment houses and library. At that 
time Canada was under the royal 
government, but it is now more inde- 
pendent and governs herself with cer- 
tain restrictions, under the title of 
The Dominion of Canada. Mon- 
treal Island is thirty-two miles long 
and about ten miles broad. Near 
the city it rises into a considerable 
elevation known as Mount Royal. 
The soil of the island is good, and 



120 



MONTREAL & PLATTSBURG RAILROAD. 



especially favorable to the growth 
of pears and apples. 

The city is principally built on 
the level ground between Mt. Roy- 
al and the river, along which it ex- 
tends nearly three miles. The 
population of the city is about 
120,000, and is rapidly increasing. 
On the high ground near Mt. Roy- 
al are many elegant private resi- 
dences, and a fashionable drive ex- 
tends around the mountain, bor- 
dered by gardens and ornamental 
enclosures, and affording fine views 
in all directions. The principal 
buildings in Montreal are of gray 
limestone, which is of a delicate 
neutral tint, very pleasing to the 
eye. The great number of build- 
ings of this material gives a more 
solid look to the streets than we 
are accustomed to in the States. 
Architecturally, many of the build- 
ings are very fine, especially the 
new church of the Jesuits. The 
cathedral of Notre Dame is of great 
size, and well worth visiting. The 
view from one of the towers, in 
which hangs " Gros Bourdon," the 
great bell, is very extensive and in- 
teresting. Admission may be gain- 
ed to the cathedral and tower at 
almost all hours. At certain times, 
interesting services are performed 
in the cathedral, at which the nuns 
of the seminary of St. Sulpice as- 
sist. The music at these services 



is very fine. Many other fine build- 
ings, public and private, may be 
seen, especially in Great St. y antes 
and in Notre Dame Streets. The 
stone quays of Montreal are an 
object of interest to every one, and 
ought to excite a spirit of emulation 
in New York. The fur-trade of 
Montreal is enormous, and has for 
many years employed millions of 
capital and thousands of hands. 

Those who are interested in mili- 
tary parades can almost always 
time their visits so as to witness the 
review of some one or more of the 
several royal regiments which are 
always in garrison here. If the 
tourist has not lost his boyish taste 
for sliding down hill, he can in- 
dulge in that pastime on a large 
scale by going up to Lachine, and 
taking the boat to descend the rap- 
ids. The trip is full of pleasant 
excitement, and has a spice of dan- 
ger especially pleasing to the An- 
glo-Saxon temperament. The Vic- 
toria Bridge over the St. Law- 
rence is a splendid piece of engi- 
neering skill, and should be visited. 
A pass to go upon the bridge may 
be obtained from the office of the 
Grand Trunk Railway. 

The railroad connections of Mon- 
treal are as follows : Montreal and 
Plattsburg, Pointe Levi {Quebec), 
and Montreal, Montreal to Port- 
land, Me., Montreal and Cham* 



MONTREAL & PLATTSBURG RAILROAD. 



T2I 



plain, Montreal and Toronto. All 
these roads are branches of the 
Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. 
Besides the railroad connections, 



steamboats are constantly running as especially worthy of a visit. - 



to various points up and down the 
St. Lawrence, among which The 
Thousand Isles, Quebec, and The 
Saguenay River may be mentioned 



FLORE NCE SEWING-MAC HINES- 

FOSTER & RICHARDSON, 

(Successors to C. FITCH & CO. , ) General Agts. for Hew England, New York, & New Jersey, 

Office of the Nonotuck & Union Silk Companies, 

505 Broadway, New York. 141 Washington St., Boston. 

Florence Sewing - Machine, 

All parties in want of a good Sewing-Machine fo$ family use, or cloth work of any 
kind, will please examine the Florence before purchasing elsewhere. 

We claim that the Florence is an improvement over all others. The stitch is 
more elastic, alike on both sides of the fabric, almost noiseless, simple in construc- 
tion, is not liable to get out of repair. Having a reversible feed, enabling the 
operator to stitch either to the left or right at pleasure, making four different stitchea 
— lock, knot, double-lock, and double-knot. Kasy to operate, and will do a larger 
range of work than can be done by any other sewing-machine. The Florence 
Machine is licensed, and parties purchasing of us or our agents need not have any 
doubts in regard to using them. All machines sold are warranted in every parti- 
cular, and kept in repair one year free of charge; and any one purchasing of as, and 
not satisfied, can return them by allowing five dollars per month for the use of them. 

Machine-Needles of all kinds, Shuttles, Bobbins, Oil, Silk, Cotton and Machine 
Trimmings, etc., constantly on hand. 

Agents for the sale of the Bichford Family Knitting -Machine, 
an improvement over all others. Price, $30. Liberal discount to the Trade. 

FOSTEK & RICHARDSON, General Agents, 
505 Broadway . New York. 141 Washington St., Boston* 



Hotels on or near the Hudson River Route 
from New York to Montreal. 



Albany, N. Y. 
Delavan, Stanwix, Congress. 
Alburgh Springs, Vt. 
Missisquoi, Mansion. 

Balls ton Spa, N. Y. 
Sans Souci Hotel. 

Burlington, Vt. 
American, Lake House. 
Caldwell, N. Y. 
Fort William Henry Hotel, 
Lake House. 

Catskill, N. Y. 
Prospect Park Hotel, Green 
County Hotel. 
Catskill Mountains. 
Catskill Mountain House. 
I^aurel House, Haines House. 
Embogcht House. 

Chateaugay, N. Y. 
Roberts House, Union House. 

Crown Point, N. Y. 
Gunnison's Hotel. 

Englewood, N. J. 
Palisade Hotel. 

Essex, N. Y. 
Royce's Hotel. 

Fort Edward, N. Y. 
Eldridge House. 

Garrisons, N. Y. 
Highland House, Clermont 
House. 
Glens Falls, N. Y. 
American Hotel. 



Highgate Springs, Vt. 
Franklin House. 

Hudson, N. Y. 
Worth House, Mansion House. 

Keeseville, N. Y. 
Adirondack House, Ausable 
House, Chasm Llouse. 
Kingston, N. Y. 
Exchange Hotel. 
Larabees Point, Shore- 
ham, Vt. 
United States Hotel. 

Lake George, N. Y. 
Fort William Henry Hotel, 
Lake House. 

Luzerne, N. Y. 
Rockwell's Hotel. 

Malone, N. Y. 
Hogle House, Flannigan's. 

Massena Springs, N. Y. 
United States Hotel. 

Middlebury, Vt. 
Addison House. 
Montreal, O. P., Canada. 
St. James Hot' 1, Albion H'se, 
American Hotel. 

Newburgh, N. Y. 
United States, Orange. 
Nyack, N. Y, 
Clarendon Hotel, Smithsonian 
House. 

Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 
Seymour House, Johnson H'se, 



HOTELS ON HUDSON RIVER ROUTE. 



American House, Baldwin 
House. 
Plattsburgh, N. Y. 
Foquet's, Witherell's, Cum- 
berland. 
Port Henry, N. Y. 
Port Henry Hotel. 

POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. 

Morgan House, College Hill 
House. 

Poultney, Vt. 
Poultney House, Beaman's 
HoteL 

Rhinebeck, N. Y. 
Rhine Cliff House. 

Rondout, N. Y. 
Mansion House. 

Rouse's Point, N. Y. 
Massachusetts House. 

Rutland, Vt. 
Bardwell, Stevens, and Central 

House. 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
Congress Hall, Union Hall, 
Clarendon, American, Mar- 
vin, Columbian, Continental, 
Temple Grove. 
Schenectady, N. Y. 
Given' s Hotel. 

Sheldon, Vt. 
Missisquoi Springs HoteL 



Sing Sing, N. Y. 
Ossining House. 

St. Johns, Q. P., Ca. 
Monet's Hotel, Hogle House. 

Stowe, Vt. 
Mansfield House. 

Tarrytown, N. Y. 
Cliff House. 

TlCONDEROGA, N. Y. 

Pavilion Hotel. 

Toronto, O. P., Canada. 
Rossin House, Queen's, Amer- 
ican Hotel. 

Troy, N. Y. 
American Hotel, Troy House. 

Vergennes, Vt. 
Stevens House. 

Waterford, N. Y. 
Morgan House. 

West Point, N. Y. 
Cozzens', Oak Grove, West 
Point. 

Westport, N. Y. 
Person's Hotel, Richards' Ho- 
tel. 
Whitehall, N. Y. 
Hall's Hotel. 

Yonkers, N. Y. 
Grigg's House, Peabody H'se. 



Hearth 



An Illustrated Weekly of Sixteen Handsome Folio Pages, 
for TJIE 

FARM, GARDEN, and FIRESIDE. 

EDITED BT 

DONALD G. MITCHELL and HARKIET BEECHES STOWE, 

assisted by a corps of able editors and contributors in all departments. It 
contains every week original articles by the best American Writers, each ir. 
his own department, on 

FARMING, RURAL ARCHITECTURE, 

GARDENING, FRUIT GRO WIN G , 

FLOWER CULTURE, etc. 

It also contains Adventures by Sea and Land, Pure and Elevating Stories, 
Sketches, Biographies, Poems, etc. 

Mrs. STOWE, GRACE GREENWOOD, Mrs. MARY E. DODGE, 

contribute regularly, and the best writers in the country will constantly 
enrich its pages. 

Terms for 1869. 

Single Copies $4, invariably in advance; 3 Copies $10; 5 Copies $15. 
Any one sending us $24 for a club of 8 Copies (all at one time), will receive a 
copy free. 

PETTENGILL, BATES & CO., 

37 Parle Row, New York. 




3Vo. 13 Lalg-lit 8St., New York. 

Opposite 395 Canal Street. 

Reopened, Renovated, Improved ! ! 

This Celebrated Bath, so long and favorably known throughout the country 
Bfter a thorough renovation and various improvements, is again open to the public. 

IE YOU WISH TO ENJOY A KAEE LUXURY; 

If you wish to be cleaner than you ever was before ; if you wish to have a healthy, 
active, beautiful skin ; if you wish to purify your hlood ; if you wish to rid yourself 
of ('olds. Rheumatism, Neuralgia, etc.; if you wish to preserve your health ; if you 
wish to gratify your curiosity ; 

TRY A TURKISH BATH! 

Yon will be sure to like it and to come again. 

BATHING HOURS: 

Gentlemen 6 to 8 a.m., 1 to 9 p. m. | Ladies ..10 to 12 a. h 

Sundays— Gents 6 to 12 a. m. 

Parties can be accommodated with Good. Hygienic Board and Rooms at the Turkish 
Eatn Institute. Also vita ELECTE1C BATHS, SWEDISH IKVEKEHT CUES. &o» 



I860. 

Albany and New York 



ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 



SUMMER ARRAtt GEMENT FOE PLEASURE TRAVEL. 



THE STEAMBOATS 

C. VIBBARD and DANIEL DREW, 

Will, on and after 3Iay 31st, 

LEAVE NEW YORK DAILY, 

From Desbrosses Street at 7, and 34th Street at 7.15 A.M., 
landing at WEST POINT, NEWBUMGH, POUGH- 
KEEPSIE, BHINEBECK, CATSEILL, and HUDSON, 

Connecting at Albany with 4.30 train on the Rensselaer and Saratoga 
Railroad; the 5 and 11 P. M. trains on the New York Central; and 
the evening trains on the Susquehanna, to 

MONTREAL, SARATOGA, 

Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Sharon Springs, 

AND ALL POINTS NORTH AND WEST. 

Leave Albany at 9 A. M., connecting with Chicago Express on the 
New York Central to January 1st. On and after January 1st will leave 
at 10 A. M., or on arrival of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroads. 
New York, May 20, 1869. 



W. A. WILLARD & 

MANUFACTURERS 




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2d BLOCK WEST OF BOWERY. 

Having largely increased our facilities for manufacturing LOOKING- 
GLASSES, &c, we are prepared to offer to the public goods in our line of 
superior quality, at the 

LOWEST PRICES, 

Both to the Wholesale and Ketail Trade. We have on hand at all times a 
very large stock of 



BASE AND TRIPOD TABLES, 

Marble Slabs, and Brackets, &c. 

Hotels and Private Houses Fitted at short notice. 
Please give us a call, and examine Goods. 

W. A. WILLARD & CO., 

177 Canal Street, New York. 



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SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. 

A. PUTNAM, Jr., Sup't. 

ANALYSIS BY PROF. C. F. CHANDLER 

Chloride of Sodium, 378962 grs: 

Chloride of Potassium, 9.229 " 

. Bromide of Sodi urn,;, .565 <e 

»Iodide of Sodium, or Iodine,* 20 .O00 " 

Sulphate of Poiassa, .... 5.500 " 

Bicarbonate of Lime, 124.459 f * 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia, 61 .912 f * 

Bicarbonate of Soda...... 12.662 (S 

Bicarbonate of Iron, 1.213 <( 

Silica, 1 .283 " 

Phosphate of lime, a trace. 

Solid Contents in a gallon, 615.685 grs. 

Carbonic A.cid Gas, 407.55 cubic inches in a gallon. 

* Ascertained according to Dr. Steele and Professor Emir ons 1 mode of 
Ana".ys»s. 

TESTIMOmALS. 

The following testimonials of the value of the Star Water, are selected from 
many received from those who have used the water : 

From Rev. THEODORE L. CTJYLER, D.D. 

Saratoga Springs, N, Y., Aug. 15, 1867. 
After eighteen years of constant experience in the use of the Saratoga Waters, I 
do not hesitate to give the preference to the Star Spuing as the most active and 
beneficial cathartic I have ever found here. It " works like a charm." I keep a 
supply of it at my own home, and when my system becomes disordered, and my 
liver grows sluggish in its action, a bottle or two of this capital water restores me 
without the use of anv other remedv. May yours be " the Star that never sets." 

Faithfully yours, THEODORE L. CUYLER # 

From J. S. DELAVAN, M.D. 

Albany, May 9, 1865. 
Saratoga Star Sprixg Co.— 'Gents : I am in receipt of your admirable water. 
As a Remedial Agent, I believe the Star Water to be greatly superior to any of 
the minersl waters of Saratoga. I greatly prefer it mvself to anv of them. 

Very truly yours, " J. S. DELAVAN, M.D. 

From Dr. H, B. SHTJRTLEFF, Mayor of Boston. 

Boston, Oct. 18, 1867. 
The Saratoga Spring "Water has proved highly advantageous in my practice in re- 
lieving constitutional torpidity of the alimentary canal, I consider its use very valu- 
able in the treatment of Chronic Indigestion, in reducing scrofulous enlargement*, 
and in removing cutaneous affections. NATH. B. SHTJRTLEFF, M.D. 

WHOLESALE AGENTS: 

I. WHITE & CO., 100 Tremont Street, Boston. 

B. HOWARD & SON, 94 Reade Street, New York. 

HARRIS & TJPHAM, 72 Randolph Street, Chicago, 111. 

JOHN WYETH & BROTHER, 1412 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 

BROWN, WEBER & GRAHAM, 10 & 12 North Second St., St. Lonla. 

And principal Druggists generally. 



VERMONT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILWAY. 

D. S. Richardson. Prest. T. N. Poor, Treas., Boston, Mass. O. T. Ruggles, 
Gen. Supt. B. N. Bullock, Sec'y. Z. F. Young, Gen. Fr. Agt., Fitchburg, Mass. 



A.M. 


P.M.* 


P.M. 


A.M. 


Mis. 



9 4o 


9 35 


3 3° 


II 32 


9 SO 


9 45 


3 35 


n 39 


3 


10 05 


10 05 


3 55 


11 55 


9 


10 10 


10 15 


4 °5 


12 00 


11 


10 25 


10 35 


4 20 


12 12 


16 


10 40 


10 50 


4 35 


12 25 


21 


A.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 





...Grout's Corner 
. . Northfield Farms 

Northfield. 

..South Vernon 
Vernon . . 

• Brattleboro 



arrive] 



[leave 



Mis. 



18 



A.M. 



9 55 
9 50 
9 34 
9 28 

9 i3 
9 00 

A.M. 



P.M. 



2 53 

2 47 
2 31 
2 25 
2 13 
2 00 

P.M. 



P.M. 



4 20 
4 13 
3 55 
3 5o 
3 33 
3 25 

P.M. 



SO. Vernon Trains. South Vernon for Brattleboro', 10.10, 10.22, 12.30, 

4.05, 4.17, 8.37. Returning, leave Brattleboro' at 4.27, 8.50, 9.00, 2.00, 3.20, 3.25. 

1 Connects with Ashuelot R'y. 2 Connects with V. Valley R'y. * Saturdays only. 



RUTLAND AND VERMONT VALLEY RAILWAYS. 

George A. Merrill, Supt. William H. Bryant, Gen. Ticket Agt., Rutland. 



Mxd. 


Exps 


Exps 


Pass. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


A.M. 


4- 40 


9 30 






10 45 


4 52 


9 43 






10 56 


5 02 


9 55 






11 07 


5 09 


10 03 






11 151 


5 29 


10 24 






11 35 


5 4° 


10 35 






11 45 


5 45 


10 40 






11 50 


6 19 


11 07 






12 16 


6 34 


11 19 






12 27 


6 51 


11 33 






12 40 


7 °7 


11 45 






12 54 


7 14 


11 5° 






12 58 


7 25 


12 00 






1 06 


7 49 


12 16 






1 24 


7 55 


12 21 






1 29 


8 04 12 29 






1 35 


8 14 


12 37 






1 43 


8 25 


12 45 






1 5° 


a 37 


12 55 






1 59 


9 00 


1 15 






2 15 


P.M. 










A.M. 










5 30 


1 30 


5 


30 


2 25 


5 5° 


1 44 


5 


44 


2 39 


6 03 


1 53 


S 


52 


2 46 


6 25 


2 06 


6 


06 


3-02 


6 43 


2 19 


6 


18 


3 15 


6 57 


2 29 


6 


28 


3 25 


7 17 


2 43 


6 


44 


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7 45 


3 01 


7 


00 


3 5» 


8 00 


3 12 


7 


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4 10 


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7 


17 


4 15 


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7 


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4 24 


8 33 


3 34 


7 


34 


4 34 


8 50 


3 45 


7 


4b 


4 45 


9 10 


4 00 


8 


00 


5 00 


A.M. 


A.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 



Mis 



70 



76 



82 



93 



103 
109 
117 
122 



128 



May. 17, li 



Mis 



LEAVE ARRIVE 

Brattleboro' 1 

. . Dummerston. 

Putney 

. .East Putney., 
. .Westminster. , 



.Bellov/sFalls 



l'e 



l'e 

Bartonsville . . 

Chester. . . . 

Gassets 

Cavendish. .. 

.... Proctorsville . . 

Ludlow — 

Healdville . . . 

Summit 

.. .Mount Holly .. 
. .East Wallingford 
. ...Cuttingsville,. . 
... .Clarendon... . 
arr lve 

. -Kutland 2. 

lve arr 

. . Sutherland Falls . . 

. . Pittsford 

.. .Brandon 

Whiting 

Salisbury 

• • . Middlebury. .. 
. . . .New Haven. . .. 

Vergennes 

Ferrisburg 

. . North Ferrisburg. . 

Charlotte 

137 Shelburne 

144 •• Burlington 3..-. 

arrive] [leave 



144 

140 

132 



125 

120 

III 

107 

"98 



93 



74 



Mail. 


Fxp. 


Exps 


Mxd. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


A.M. 


A.M. 


3 46 




4 30 


8 50 


3 35 




4 20 


8 40 


3 25 




4 11 


8 30 


3 18 




4 05 


8 24 


2 59 




3 48 


8 05 


2 49 




3 4° 


7 55 


2 44 






7 5° 


2 24 




3 16 


7 16 


2 14 




3 07 


7 03 


2 03 




2 56 


6 47 


1 5i 




2 45 


6 32 


1 47 




2 41 


6 26 


1 37 




2 33 


b i5 


1 24 




2 19 


5 55 


1 20 




2 IS 


5 49 


1 14 




2 09 


5 40 


1 07 




2 03 


5 30 


1 00 




1 55 


5 20 


12 51 




1 45 


5 07 


12 34 




1 3° 


4 45 

A.M. 
P.M. 


12 29 


4 25 


12 45 


8 10 


12 14 


4 11 


12 29 


7 4J6 


12 05 


4 04 


12 20 


7 34 


11 49 


3 47 


12 03 


7 °7 


11 3 6 


3 35 


11 48 


6 47 


11 25 


3 25 


11 36 


6 25 


11 11 


3 04 


11 23 


6 03 


10 51 


2 42 


11 04 


5 3o 


10 39 


2 28 


10 51 


5 10 


10 34 


2 24 


10 46 


5 °4 


10 25 


2 14 


10 37 


4 49 


10 15 


2 03 


10 27 


4 3o 


10 02 


1 46 


10 15 


4 09 


9 45 


1 3° 


10 00 


3 45 


A.M. 


P.M. 


A.M. 


P.M. 



i Connect with Railways diverging from Brattleboro'. 

2 Connect with Railways diverging from Rutland. 

3 Connect with Vermont Central and steamer on Lake Champlain. 



39 & 4' i PARK PLACE, 
NEW YORK, 



and 



117 &. 1 19 COURT ST„ 
BOSTON. 



OF NEW AND BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS. 



In every variety ; suitable for Halls, Churches, and Dwellings. 



PATENT SPKING BED, 

The only Spring-Bed known comprising the essentials 
of Comfort, Durability, and Cheapness. 

IRON BEDSTEADS, CRIBS," & CRADLES, 

Of handsome patterns, beautifully finished and bronzed. 




ill 

S 

I- 



STOVE. 

Descriptive pamphlet, containing Report of American 
Institute Farmers' Club, sent on application. 
Address 

AMERICAN VAPOR STOVE CO., 

No. 20f> Water Street, New-York. 



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EN EOUTE 



From Niagara, Ogdenslmrg. Montreal, Qneto, 



Burlington, Mt. Mansfield, Ticonderoga, Lake 

George, Saratoga, Troy, Albany, New 

York, Springfield, and JBoston, 



THE! ESTABLISHED ROUTE, - V n IuA. » 

PLATTSBURG AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN, 

offers the tourist and business man attractions possessed by no other line, 
being shorter, and combining less changes, and scenery more picturesque, 
historical, and romantic, than can be found in any other part of the Ameri- 
can Continent, in the same distance. 

Two trains leave Montreal and Ogclensburg daily, connecting at Platts- 
burg with the elegant and commodious steamers of the 

CHAMPLAIN TRANSPORTATION -COMPANY, 

"Adirondack," - - - capt. w. h. flagg. 

"Canada," .... capt. wm. Anderson. 
"United States," - - Capt. j. c. babbitt, 

forming two daily lines each way through the lake. 



Connecting at Burlington with 
trains of Rutland Railroad for all 
eastern points ; at Ticonderoga with 
steamer " Minnehaha," through 
Lake George, and at Whitehall with 
trains of Rensselaer and Saratoga 
Railroad for Saratoga, Troy, Al- 
bany, New York, and all Southern 
and Western points. 



From Plattsburg, the point of 
embarkation to Whitehall, a dis- 
tance of one hundred miles, the 
traveller witnesses on either side a 
continuous chain of beautiful moun- 
tain scenery. This, with the histo- 
rical interest connected with this 
delightful sheet of water, makes the 
route both interesting and attractive. 



The only Route to Lake George, and only direct 
Route to Saratoga. , 

THROUGH TICKETS 

and information can be obtained at the Ticket-offices at 
Niagara Falls ; at the Company's office, 39 Great Saint James 
street, Montreal (adjoining St. Lawrence Hall) ; at the offices 
of the Grand Trunk Railway ; on board of steamers ; and at 
the General Office of the Company, Burlington, Vt. 

• O. C. MITCHEXX, 

General Superintendent, 



liiletom, Rutland Co,, Vermont, 

(Railroad Station, Poultney. ) 



The attention of tourists, and invalids particularly, ia 
directed to these Springs, whose waters are very highly 
recommended by Physicians and all others familiar with 

THEIR WONDERFUL EFFECT ON DISEASE. 

They are UNRIVALED as a REMEDY, 

Refreshing as a Beverage, 

and pronounced 

SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHER WATERS. 

The location is delightful and healthy, and the region 
abounds with beautiful scenery, splendid drives, fine fishing, 

Tlie Waters fire FREE to all at the Springs, 

and Bottled for Shipping, and 

Sold by Druggists. 

\ 
Send for Pamphlets ; full particulars free. 

Address, GRAYS & CLARK, 

Middletown, Vermont. 



RIPLEY 

FEMALE COLLEGE, 

Poultneyi f^l. 

REV. J. NEWMANN, D.D., PRESIDENT. 



Tliis well-established Institution, located in a most delightful 
and healthful region, affords the best of facilities for acquiring 
a thorough and complete education. Particular attention is 
given t® the Ornamental Branches, and eminent Professors 
are employed in each of these departments. The Conservatory 
anethod of instruction in musie *is pursued with those who 
desire it. Prof. H. €. Treat, from the Alleghany Academy of 
Music, has been engaged to introduce the method of instruc- 
tion pursued so successfully at that Institution. The Fall 
Term begins 'September 15th. 

On tke \tth of July, 1.869, this Institution Is opened as 

A SUMMER RESORT, 

and combines more elements of comfort than are usually found 
from home. The building is of brick, and is isolated from other 
buildings. Being in the centre of ten acres of lawn and grove, 
it is removed from noise and dust, and is emphatically a Cool 
Retreat. The gravel roads for miles in all directions are supe- 
rior te macadamized roads. The scenery is of mountains, 
valleys, streams, and lakes, rarely equalled. At ordinary 
summer resorts the rule is the minimum of comforts and the 
maximum of prices. Here the rule is reversed. 



Prices- fo§r board, from $8 to $12 per week^ according to size 
•and position of rooms. 

For ■cMldren under twelve years of age, mid for servants, $7 
pes' tveek.*-- 

Trwisieiit boarders, $2.50 per day. 

MlDDLETOWN WATER. FURNISHED FfiEE. 



IF*. .A.. HOWELD, 
No. 5 NORTH WILLIAM STREET, near Frankfort St., N. Y. 

MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF 

SHO W CA SES. 

Silver Plated, White Metal & Brass Sash Bars 

For SHOW WINDOWS made to order at the shortest notice. 



SEINLEY & STEEL'S 

Hotel and Dining Saloons, 

(On the European Plan,) 

Nes. 312, 314 ft. 316 GEEENWICH ST. 

And 166 EEADE STEEET. 

120 Large and Airy Rooms, 

BIT THE DAT OK WEEK. 

Meals as per Bill of Fare. 

JAS. STEEL. W. M. BKINLEY. 



Francis & Loutrel, 
STATIONERS 

AND 

PRINTERS, 

45 Maiden Lane, New York. 



We supply everything in our line 
\t lowest price Orders solicit*"! 



BENNETT, JOHNSON & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 



Cole 

Fluting 

Machines, 




and 

Carriage 

Hardware, 



476 Broadway, New York, 



A. A. GONSTANTINE'S 

PERSIAN HEAL ING, OR P INE TAR SOAP. 

For the Toilet this Soap has no equal. It preserves the complexion fair, the skiD 

soft, flexible, and healthy. It removes all Dandruff, preserves the hair 

soft and silky, and prevents it from falling off. 

It cures Pimples on the Face, Cracked or Chapped Hands, Salt Rheum, Frosted 

Feet, Burns, Fresh Cuts or Wounds of all kinds, all Diseases of the Scalp and Skin, 

and is a GOOD SHAVING SOAP. P ' 

TVS AT THOSE SAY WHO USE IT: 



"l have used your Soap for Diseases of the 
Bkfn, and Catarrh, and have found it superior to 
any remedial agent I have ever used." 

C. S. GOODRICH, M.D., 34 Leroy St., N. Y. 

"I can recommend your Persian Healing Soap 
t(,T BALDNESS : it is bringing my hair in beau- 
tifully. I consider it the best Hair Renovator in 
use." . M. H. COMBS, 

218 Atlantic St., Brooklyn, N.Y. 

"I have used it for Catarrh in the head, making 
• suds and snuffing it through the nose, and it has 
cured me. I use it constantly for the TOILET, 
and consider it the BES1 SOAP FOR THAT 
PURPOSE." G. R. BENSON, 

Office of the U. S. Life Ins. Co., 40 Wall St., N.Y. 



"I have used your Persian Healing Soap in my 

practice extensively, and it has proved the best 

healing soap I ever used. It has no equal as a 

soap fer ws^Hng the heads and skin of children." 

X. i. ALDRICH, M.D., 19 Harrison St., N.Y. 



Rev. J. R. ADAMS, Pastor of the M.E. Church 
Bloomfield, N. J., writes : "Of your Persian 
Healing Soap I can speak with confidence, and in 
high eulogy. ' It is a charm.' It heals with uj. 
usual rapidity. I don't want to be without it,' 
&c. 

J. H. T. KING, Member of the Royal Colleg 
of Surgeons, England, writes : " It gives me ple» 
sure to certify to the good qualities of your Soap 
I use it for the Toilet and Bathing, and prefer il 
to any other." 

The wife of Rev. Dr. KING, Missionary at 
Athens, Greece, writes : " I have used youi Soap 
for Rheumatism, and find it exceedingly good, 
and recommend it to all." 

"YOUR PERSIAN HEALING SOAP WILL 
CURE SALT RHEUM. I had it very badly fif- 
teen years, and your Soap has made a complete 
cure." G. M. PRALL, 119 West S» , N.Y. 

"It accomplishes all it claims. " 

R. HAMILTON, M.D., Saiatoga, M. T 



A. A. CONSTANTLNE & CO., 43 Ann St., N Y. 

None Genuine unless stamped A. A. CONSTANTINK'S Persian Healing, or Pine 
Tar Swip, Patented .March 12, 1867. 



botei* 



American Plan. 

CORNER. OF 

Seekman and Nassau Sts-> 

(Near City Hall Park,) NEW YORK. 



GEORGE WIGHT, Proprietor. 

N. B. — Located in the very heart of the Wholesale Business, 
schis is one of the most conveniently located Hotels for Mer- 
chants, Baasinees Men and others, visiting this City. 



CARMINA YALENSIA. 

A New Collection of COLLEGE SONGS, with MUSIC and PIANO-FQRTB 
ACCOMPANIMENTS, comprising all the old jjopular and standard College 
Songs, with numerous pieces not hitherto published. The famous " Wooded 
Spoon Lanciers," and the "Song of the Spoon^" also, the celebrated 
** Christmas Anthem," sung by the Beethoven Society of Yale, arc included. 

fixtraelo&a, j»rise j$L50. Mailed post-paid on receipt of price. 

TAINTOR BROTHERS, Publisher*, 

678 Broadway, New York. 



THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, 

And the Region Around. 

THEIR SCENERY, LEGENDS, AND FEATURES. 

With «ketehes w prose and verse by COOPER, IRVING, BRYANT, COLB, 
isi/S other eminent writers. By Rev> Charles Rockwell. Illustrated. 
4k*B volume 12nia, extra cloth, 350 pages, $2.flft. 

TATNIQR BROTHERS, Publishers, 

678 BSOADWAY, NEW Yoax. 




THE CELEBRATED GENUINE 

"OROIDE WATCHES" 

resemble Gold, wear like Gold, and are AS GOOD 

as Gold in all respects, except intrinsic 

value — COSTING ONLY ONE-SIXTH 



Every 



AS MUCH. 

Watch Guaranteed 

BY SPECIAL CERTIFICATE. 

CHAINS AND JEWELRY 

IN ALL VARIETIES. 

Call and Examine for Yourselves. 

4®=- Bemember, the only Genuine Oroide Watches can be got of 

JAMES GERARD & CO., 

Sole Agents for the United States, 

85 Nassau Street (Up Stairs), New York. 




The Celehmteil imitation €foidt 

$15 Hunting Watches. $20 

THE COLLINS OROIDE WATCH FACTORY. 

CASES 

OF THE 

COLLINS METAI 

(Improved Oroide.) 

SPECIAL NOTICE.— Our superior Oroide Watches having recently been imitated, and -worthless 
Watches sold in New York, Boston, Chicago, and other cities, represented as our Watches, we hereby 
caution the public against them, and give notice that we are in no way responsible for these bogsa 
concerns, and only those purchasing directly from us can secure a genuine Watch of out manufacture. 
We have recently greatly improved crar Oroide in appearance and durability, and to protect the 
public from imposition hereafter, have named it the "COLLINS METAL," and we give notice tha8 
any one making use of this name will be prosecuted to the extent of the law. 

This metal has all the brilliancy and durability of Gold ; can not be distinguished from it by th* 
best judges ; retains its color till worn out, and is equal to Gold excepting in intrinsic value. All ou» 
Gentlemen's AVatches are Full-Jeweled Patent Levers; those for Ladies an improved Escapeynent, 
better than a Lever for 3 small Watch ; all tn Hunting-Cases, and fully guaranteed by special certifi- 
cate. The $1S Watches are equal in neatness, style of finish, general appearance, and for time, to a 
Gold one costing * 150. Those for £20 are of extra fine finish, and are fully equal to a Gold Watch 
costing S200. Chains of every style, from S2 to §6. Also, Jewelry of the Collins Metal in every style. 

TO CLUBS.— Where Six Watches are ordered at one time we will send one extra Watch free o-» 
charge. 

Goods sent to any part of the United States by express, to be paid for on delivery. Money need noO 
be sent with the order, as bills can be paid when goods are taken from the express ofilce. Customers 
most pay all express charges. We employ no Agents; orders must therefore be sent directly to us. 
Customers in the city will remember that our only Office is 

Nos. 37 & 39 Nassau St., New York, 0pp. the Post-Office (Upstairs). 

C. E. COLLINS & CO 



ERIE RAILWAY. 

1300 MILES 860 MILES 

UNDER ONE MANAGEMENT WITHOUT CHANGE OF COACHES. 

The Broad-Gauge Double-Track Route 

BETWEEN THE 

ATLANTIC CITIES 

AND THE 

WEST AND SOUTHWEST! 

NEW AND IMPROVED DRAWING-ROOM COACHES, of the 

style peculiar to the Broad Gauge, arranged for both ,DAY and NIGHT 
travel, are run through between NEW YORK and ROCHESTER, 
BUFFALO, DUNKIRK, CLEVELAND, and CINCINNATI, mak- 
ing but ONE CHANGE to CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPO- 
LIS, and LOUISVILLE, and obviating the delays and annoyances inci^ 
dent to travelling over lines composed of a number of short roads. 

Excellent Dining Saloons are located at convenient points upon the 
line, where ample time is always allowed for meals. 

The Scenery of this Railway is unsurpassed in variety, beauty and 
grandeur, possessing superior attractions for pleasure travellers. 

During the summer season, Combination Excursion Tickets to all 
principal points of interest can be obtained at the Company's Offices. 

THREE EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY. 

8.00 A.M., lO.OO A.M., AJ\D 6.30 P. M. 

ASK FOR TICKETS VIA ERIE RAILWAY. 

Which can be obtained at all principal offices in the country, and at the 

Company's offices : 
124 Washington, Cor. Water Street, - - - - - Boston. 
241, 987 (Cor. 23d St. & 5th Av.), and 233 Broadway, - New York. 

4 State Street, - - Rochester. 

177 Main Street, and 65 Exchange Street, ... Buffalo. 

66 Clark Street, ----- Chicago. 

17 Newhall House Block, - Milwaukee. 

80 W. 4th St., 115 Vine St., & 4 Burnet House Block, Cincinnati. 

WM. RIDDLE, WM. R. BARR, 

General Superintendent. General passenger Agent, 



tdhiie zf'^.te:^'!? 



Abion Piano-Forte 

COYELL & CO., 554 BKOADWAY, N.T. 




Trade Mark — Copyrighted. 

A complete assortment of these Celebrated Instruments, 
patented by Mr. "GEORGE C. MANNER, always on hand. 



THE FAIR OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE, 

Held in New York in 1867, when all the first-class Pianos were 

on exhibition, and after a severe test trial, declared 

the " ARION " to be the best. 

It supersedes all others on account of its great strength, evenness of 
action, purity of vibration, and elegance of finish ; and not least of all, 

WILL STAND IN TUNE LONGER THAN ANT 
OTHER. 

We invite all lovers of the finest of parlor instruments to 
call and examine for themselves. 

COYELL & CO., 544 Broadway. 

N. B. — Agents Wanted. 



The Narragansett Steamship Co. 

HAVING PURCHASED THE STEAMERS OF THE 

BOSTON, NEWPORT, & NEW YORK STEAMBOAT CO. 
On and After April 13tn, 1869, 

Will run their Splendid Steamers DAILY, between 

NEW YORK, NEWPORT, AND FALL RIVER. 

STEAMERS 
BRISTOL, - - - 3000 Tons PROVIDENCE, - - 3000 Tons. 
NEWPORT, - - 2000 " OLD COLONY, - - - 2000 " 
METROPOLIS, - 2200 " PLYMOUTH ROCK, 2000 " 
EMPIRE STATE, 1800 Tons. 

THE ONLY FIRST-CLASS LINE BETWEEN 

NEW YORK and BOSTON, 

VIA 

NEWPORT, FALL RIVER, 

AND INTERMEDIATE POINTS. 

The Largest & Fastest Steamers in the World. 

(JSP Having 500 State-rooms, and Accommodations 
for 1200 Passengers. 



Steamer BRISTOL, 3000 Tons 



CAPTAIN BRAYTON, 



Stealer PROVIDENCE. 3000 Tons, 

CAPTAIN SIMMONS, 

Will leave Pier 28 North River, foot of Murray- 
Street, on alternate days, at 5 P. M. 

SUNDAYS INCLUDED. 

By this route passengers can take train from Newport at 4 A. M., and 
arrive in Boston at 6 A. M., in time to connect with all Northern and East- 
em trains; or rest undisturbed, breakfast onboard, and take 7:45 A.M. 
train, and arrive in Boston at early business hours. 

JAMES FXSK, Jr., Xtt. B.. SIMONS, 

Man. Director JV. S. S. Co. General Sup't. 

CHARLES K. VAILE, 

General Passenger Agent, Pier 28 North Jtiver, 



ARCHER & PANCOAST 




MANUFACTURERS OF 



COAL OIL LAMPS, CHANDELIERS, &c. 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

■w/v 

MANUFACTORY AND WAREROOMS, 

9, 11, 13 MEEOEE ST., NEW YORK. 



N. B. — Designs for special purposes, such, as Public Halls, Mediae- 
val, and Akchitec'tural Church Fixtures, Ecclesiastical Emblems, 
Masonic Lodges, &c, submitted on short notice. 



How Shall w e Pain t our Houses ? 

READY-MADE COLORS 

For Painting Exteriors and Interiors of Country and City Houses. 

These Paints require only to be thinned with Raw Linseed Oil to make 
them ready for use. The list includes forty shades and tints, comprising all 
the colors suitable for exterior and interior painting. In durability and per- 
manency of color they will be found superior in every respect to pure Whita 
Lead, while they cost (considering the quantity required) only about half aa 
much. 

Sample Cards, with a descriptive pamphlet, sent free by mail. Be sure 
you get the genuine l * Railroad " Colors, every package of which bears 
our full name, in addition to our copyrighted title, 

" Railroad Paints and Railroad Colors." 

jg@= None are reliable which do not bear these marks.'^^. 

We would call attention also to our 

Warranted Perfectly Pure Combination White Lead, 

which, for economy and durability, is the best in market. For sale by all 
Paint Dealers throughout the country, or 

MASURY & WHITON, 

111 Fulton Street, N. T. 

Proprietors of the Globe White Lead and Color Works, Manufacturers 

of White Lead, Zinc, and Painters' Pine Colors. 

N.B. — "How Shall we Paint?" A popular treatise on the art of 

House Painting, &c, by John W. Masury. Cloth, 216 pages, $1.50. Also, 

Hints on House Painting. Cloth, 84 pages, 40 cents. Either of the 

above sent free by mail on receipt of price. 







DEPOTOF&AMES. 

Fkee DiKECTTOSB tor Playing the Games of Etjchre, Whist, Beziqtje, 
Seven-Up, Ckibbage, Boston, Poker, Chess, Checkers, 
Backgammon, and all other games. 

Either of the above and our Mammoth Catalogue of Games sent to any 
address free upon receipt of postage (4 cents). Address, 

CRAWFORD & DAVIDSON, 

No. 38 JOHN ST., N. T. City. 



The Automatic Olgthes-Washek & Boilek. 

John Keist, Pat. Nov. 29, 1864. 



Dispenses with labor, 
wear, and tear. Decided 
oy the Patent Office to be 
•the only or'ginal and 
first Self- Acting Portable 
Wash-Boiler ever made. 

[8ee Decision of the United 

States Patent Office, Nov. 3, 

18«8.] , 

Liberal terms offered to Deal- ' 

tm and reliable Agents. 

•ENT 8TAMP FOR ClRCULAB. 



O^-;- V ^ S A 







& 



1 




J From Journal New York State 
Fair, 1868. 

"The operation of this ma- 
chine was fully satisfactory,, 
and the Committee award it tha 
First Premium, for the reason 
that it did its work effectually 
without rubbing the clothes." 

Sample Boiler, No. 8, medium 
size, S10; or parts for the im» 
provement, which can be mada 
to fit any Boiler, with Royalty 
stamp, g4. Sent C. O. D. 



AUTOMATIC CLOTHES-WASHER & BOILER CO. 

Depot, 19 Courtlandt St., New Torh, 



HEAR YE! HEAR YE! 




Hearken, all ye lean and gaunt, . 

That racking Nervous Headaches haunt. 

Give ear, give ear, ye Bilious crowds, 

"Whose cheeks the saffron bile-tinge clouds. 

Attend, attend, ye sore depressed, 

Who can't the simplest food digest — 

To you is proffered such a draught 

As Hebe's patrons never quaffed ; 

Kase, Health, and Strength 'twill soon restore, 

And, stepping backward from Death's door, 

You'll bless the skilful hand that blent 

The Seltzer's every element 

In one rare antidote, containing 

Help, sure and swift, for the complaining. 



PREPARED ONLY BY 



TARRANT & CO., 

27 S Greenwich Street, X. T % 

SOH.r> BY ALL DRUGGISTS. 



Iff LlftY it, 



MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR 



TABLE CUTLERY, 

Of Pearl, Ivory, Horn, Bone, Ebony, and Cocoa Handles. 

s4.lso y -Exclusive Manufacturers of tfie latent 

HARD 
RUBBER 



"Which is the most DURABLE Handle ever known. 

It is much less expensive than Ivory. 

It always retains its polish when in use. 

It is Warranted NOT TO BECOME LOOSE in the Handle. 

It is not affected by HOT WATER. 



A NEW THING!! 



Solid Cas 1 




nife, 



Heavily Silver-Plated. 

PATENTED APRIL, 1867. 



Jgjf For sale by all the principal Dealers in Cutlery through- 
out the United States, and by the • 

MEEIDE1 CUTLERY CO., 

45 Beekman Street, New York. 



NORTH AMERICA 

Life Insurance Company, 

229 BROADWAY, 

Corner of Barclay Street. * ■ 

M D. MORGAN, President. 



ini 








This Company offers better inducements to insurers than any other in the 
United States. NO LIMITATION TO TRAVEL, at any season of the 
year, in any part of North America, north of Mexico, or in Europe. 

Policies Secured by Special Pledge of Public Stocks 
in the Insurance Department of the State of New York, and each Registered 
Policy will bear a Certificate to that effect, countersigned by the Superin- 
tendent of the Insurance Department. 

This feature of security originated with this Company, and was the invention 
of its present President. Nearly five millions of its policies are already secured 
in this manner. Communications addressed to the principal office, or to any of 
its agencies, will be promptly attended to. 

J. W. MERRILL, Secretary. 





















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